# Create useful indexes

Indexes are useful when a query contains a WHERE clause.

Without a WHERE clause, Derby is supposed to return all the data in the table, and so a table scan is the correct (if not desirable) behavior. (More about that in Prevent the user from issuing expensive queries.)

Derby creates indexes on tables in the following situations:

- When you define a primary key, unique, or foreign key constraint on a table. See "CONSTRAINT clause" in the Java DB Reference Manual for more information.
- When you explicitly create an index on a table with a CREATE INDEX statement.

For an index to be useful for a particular statement, one of the columns in the statement's WHERE clause must be the first column in the index's key.
Note: For a complete discussion of how indexes work and when they are useful, see What is an index? and Index use and access paths.
Indexes provide some other benefits as well:

- If all the data requested are in the index, Derby does not have to go to the table at all. (See Covering indexes.)
- For operations that require a sort (ORDER BY), if Derby uses the index to retrieve the data, it does not have to perform a separate sorting step for some of these operations in some situations. (See About the optimizer's choice of sort avoidance.)

Note: Derby does not support indexing on columns with data types like BLOB, CLOB, and XML.
Parent topic: Always create indexes
Related concepts
Make sure indexes are being used, and rebuild them
Think about index order
Think about join order
Decide whether a descending index would be useful