Chapter 7. Adding Domain Member Servers and Clients
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## Chapter 7. Adding Domain Member Servers and Clients

The most frequently discussed Samba subjects over the past 2 years have focused around domain control and printing. It is well known that Samba is a file and print server. A recent survey conducted by Open Magazine found that of all respondents, 97 percent use Samba for file and print services, and 68 percent use Samba for Domain Control. See the Open-Mag Web site for current information. The survey results as found on January 14, 2004, are shown in ???.

Figure 7.1. Open Magazine Samba Survey

While domain control is an exciting subject, basic file and print sharing remains the staple bread-and-butter function that Samba provides. Yet this book may give the appearance of having focused too much on more exciting aspects of Samba deployment. This chapter directs your attention to provide important information on the addition of Samba servers into your present Windows network whatever the controlling technology may be. So let's get back to our good friends at Abmas.

## Introduction

Looking back over the achievements of the past year or two, daily events at Abmas are rather straightforward with not too many distractions or problems. Your team is doing well, but a number of employees are asking for Linux desktop systems. Your network has grown and demands additional domain member servers. Let's get on with this; Christine and Stan are ready to go.

Stan is firmly in control of the department of the future, while Christine is enjoying a stable and predictable network environment. It is time to add more servers and to add Linux desktops. It is time to meet the demands of future growth and endure trial by fire.

### Assignment Tasks

You must now add UNIX/Linux domain member servers to your network. You have a friend who has a Windows 2003 Active Directory domain network who wants to add a Samba/Linux server and has asked Christine to help him out. Your real objective is to help Christine to see more of the way the Microsoft world lives and use her help to get validation that Samba really does live up to expectations.

Over the past 6 months, you have hired several new staff who want Linux on their desktops. You must integrate these systems to make sure that Abmas is not building islands of technology. You ask Christine to do likewise at Swodniw Biz NL (your friend's company) to help them to evaluate a Linux desktop. You want to make the right decision, don't you?

## Dissection and Discussion

Recent Samba mailing-list activity is witness to how many sites are using winbind. Some have no trouble at all with it, yet to others the problems seem insurmountable. Periodically there are complaints concerning an inability to achieve identical user and group IDs between Windows and UNIX environments.

You provide step-by-step implementations of the various tools that can be used for identity resolution. You also provide working examples of solutions for integrated authentication for both UNIX/Linux and Windows environments.

### Technical Issues

One of the great challenges we face when people ask us, “What is the best way to solve this problem?” is to get beyond the facts so we not only can clearly comprehend the immediate technical problem, but also can understand how needs may change.

There are a few facts we should note when dealing with the question of how best to integrate UNIX/Linux clients and servers into a Windows networking environment:

- A domain controller (PDC or BDC) is always authoritative for all accounts in its domain. This means that a BDC must (of necessity) be able to resolve all account UIDs and GIDs to the same values that the PDC resolved them to.

- A domain member can be authoritative for local accounts, but is never authoritative for domain accounts. If a user is accessing a domain member server and that user's account is not known locally, the domain member server must resolve the identity of that user from the domain in which that user's account resides. It must then map that ID to a UID/GID pair that it can use locally. This is handled by `winbindd`.

- Samba, when running on a domain member server, can resolve user identities from a number of sources:

  - By executing a system `getpwnam()` or `getgrnam()` call. On systems that support it, this utilizes the name service switch (NSS) facility to resolve names according to the configuration of the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file. NSS can be configured to use LDAP, winbind, NIS, or local files.

  - Performing, via NSS, a direct LDAP search (where an LDAP passdb backend has been configured). This requires the use of the PADL nss_ldap tool (or equivalent).

  - Directly by querying `winbindd`. The `winbindd` contacts a domain controller to attempt to resolve the identity of the user or group. It receives the Windows networking security identifier (SID) for that appropriate account and then allocates a local UID or GID from the range of available IDs and creates an entry in its `winbindd_idmap.tdb` and `winbindd_cache.tdb` files.

    If the parameter idmap backend = ldap:ldap://myserver.domain was specified and the LDAP server has been configured with a container in which it may store the IDMAP entries, all domain members may share a common mapping.

  Irrespective of how `smb.conf` is configured, winbind creates and caches a local copy of the ID mapping database. It uses the `winbindd_idmap.tdb` and `winbindd_cache.tdb` files to do this.

  Which of the resolver methods is chosen is determined by the way that Samba is configured in the `smb.conf` file. Some of the configuration options are rather less than obvious to the casual user.

- If you wish to make use of accounts (users and/or groups) that are local to (i.e., capable of being resolved using) the NSS facility, it is possible to use the winbind trusted domains only = Yes in the `smb.conf` file. This parameter specifically applies to domain controllers, and to domain member servers.

For many administrators, it should be plain that the use of an LDAP-based repository for all network accounts (both for POSIX accounts and for Samba accounts) provides the most elegant and controllable facility. You eventually appreciate the decision to use LDAP.

If your network account information resides in an LDAP repository, you should use it ahead of any alternative method. This means that if it is humanly possible to use the `nss_ldap` tools to resolve UNIX account UIDs/GIDs via LDAP, this is the preferred solution, because it provides a more readily controllable method for asserting the exact same user and group identifiers throughout the network.

In the situation where UNIX accounts are held on the domain member server itself, the only effective way to use them involves the `smb.conf` entry winbind trusted domains only = Yes. This forces Samba (`smbd`) to perform a `getpwnam()` system call that can then be controlled via `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file settings. The use of this parameter disables the use of Samba with trusted domains (i.e., external domains).

Winbind can be used to create an appliance mode domain member server. In this capacity, `winbindd` is configured to automatically allocate UIDs/GIDs from numeric ranges set in the `smb.conf` file. The allocation is made for all accounts that connect to that domain member server, whether within its own domain or from trusted domains. If not stored in an LDAP backend, each domain member maintains its own unique mapping database. This means that it is almost certain that a given user who accesses two domain member servers does not have the same UID/GID on both servers however, this is transparent to the Windows network user. This data is stored in the `winbindd_idmap.tdb` and `winbindd_cache.tdb` files.

The use of an LDAP backend for the Winbind IDMAP facility permits Windows domain SIDs mappings to UIDs/GIDs to be stored centrally. The result is a consistent mapping across all domain member servers so configured. This solves one of the major headaches for network administrators who need to copy files between or across network file servers.

### Political Issues

One of the most fierce conflicts recently being waged is resistance to the adoption of LDAP, in particular OpenLDAP, as a replacement for UNIX NIS (previously called Yellow Pages). Let's face it, LDAP is different and requires a new approach to the need for a better identity management solution. The more you work with LDAP, the more its power and flexibility emerges from its dark, cavernous chasm.

LDAP is a most suitable solution for heterogenous environments. If you need crypto, add Kerberos. The reason these are preferable is because they are heterogenous. Windows solutions of this sort are not heterogenous by design. This is fundamental it isn't religious or political. This also doesn't say that you can't use Windows Active Directory in a heterogenous environment it can be done, it just requires commercial integration products. But it's not what Active Directory was designed for.

A number of long-term UNIX devotees have recently commented in various communications that the Samba Team is the first application group to almost force network administrators to use LDAP. It should be pointed out that we resisted this for as long as we could. It is not out of laziness or malice that LDAP has finally emerged as the preferred identity management backend for Samba. We recommend LDAP for your total organizational directory needs.

## Implementation

The domain member server and the domain member client are at the center of focus in this chapter. Configuration of Samba-3 domain controller is covered in earlier chapters, so if your interest is in domain controller configuration, you will not find that here. You will find good oil that helps you to add domain member servers and clients.

In practice, domain member servers and domain member workstations are very different entities, but in terms of technology they share similar core infrastructure. A technologist would argue that servers and workstations are identical. Many users would argue otherwise, given that in a well-disciplined environment a workstation (client) is a device from which a user creates documents and files that are located on servers. A workstation is frequently viewed as a disposable (easy to replace) item, but a server is viewed as a core component of the business.

We can look at this another way. If a workstation breaks down, one user is affected, but if a server breaks down, hundreds of users may not be able to work. The services that a workstation must provide are document- and file-production oriented; a server provides information storage and is distribution oriented.

Why is this important? For starters, we must identify what components of the operating system and its environment must be configured. Also, it is necessary to recognize where the interdependencies between the various services to be used are. In particular, it is important to understand the operation of each critical part of the authentication process, the logon process, and how user identities get resolved and applied within the operating system and applications (like Samba) that depend on this and may actually contribute to it.

So, in this chapter we demonstrate how to implement the technology. It is done within a context of what type of service need must be fulfilled.

### Samba Domain with Samba Domain Member Server Using NSS LDAP

In this example, it is assumed that you have Samba PDC/BDC servers. This means you are using an LDAP ldapsam backend. We are adding to the LDAP backend database (directory) containers for use by the IDMAP facility. This makes it possible to have globally consistent mapping of SIDs to and from UIDs and GIDs. This means that it is necessary to run `winbindd` as part of your configuration. The primary purpose of running `winbindd` (within this operational context) is to permit mapping of foreign SIDs (those not originating from the the local Samba server). Foreign SIDs can come from any domain member client or server, or from Windows clients that do not belong to a domain. Another way to explain the necessity to run `winbindd` is that Samba can locally resolve only accounts that belong to the security context of its own machine SID. Winbind handles all non-local SIDs and maps them to a local UID/GID value. The UID and GID are allocated from the parameter values set in the `smb.conf` file for the `idmap uid` and `idmap gid` ranges. Where LDAP is used, the mappings can be stored in LDAP so that all domain member servers can use a consistent mapping.

If your installation is accessed only from clients that are members of your own domain, and all user accounts are present in a local passdb backend then it is not necessary to run `winbindd`. The local passdb backend can be in smbpasswd, tdbsam, or in ldapsam.

It is possible to use a local passdb backend with any convenient means of resolving the POSIX user and group account information. The POSIX information is usually obtained using the `getpwnam()` system call. On NSS-enabled systems, the actual POSIX account source can be provided from

- Accounts in `/etc/passwd` or in `/etc/group`.

- Resolution via NSS. On NSS-enabled systems, there is usually a facility to resolve IDs via multiple methods. The methods typically include `files`, `compat`, `db`, `ldap`, `nis`, `nisplus`, `hesiod.` When correctly installed, Samba adds to this list the `winbindd` facility. The ldap facility is frequently the nss_ldap tool provided by PADL Software.

### Note

To advoid confusion the use of the term `local passdb backend` means that the user account backend is not shared by any other Samba server instead, it is used only locally on the Samba domain member server under discussion.

The diagram in ??? demonstrates the relationship of Samba and system components that are involved in the identity resolution process where Samba is used as a domain member server within a Samba domain control network.

Figure 7.2. Samba Domain: Samba Member Server

In this example configuration, Samba will directly search the LDAP-based passwd backend ldapsam to obtain authentication and user identity information. The IDMAP information is stored in the LDAP backend so that it can be shared by all domain member servers so that every user will have a consistent UID and GID across all of them. The IDMAP facility will be used for all foreign (i.e., not having the same SID as the domain it is a member of) domains. The configuration of NSS will ensure that all UNIX processes will obtain a consistent UID/GID.

The instructions given here apply to the Samba environment shown in ??? and ???. If the network does not have an LDAP slave server (i.e., ??? configuration), change the target LDAP server from `lapdc` to `massive.`

Procedure 7.1. Configuration of NSS_LDAP-Based Identity Resolution

1. Create the `smb.conf` file as shown in ???. Locate this file in the directory `/etc/samba`.

2. Configure the file that will be used by `nss_ldap` to locate and communicate with the LDAP server. This file is called `ldap.conf`. If your implementation of `nss_ldap` is consistent with the defaults suggested by PADL (the authors), it will be located in the `/etc` directory. On some systems, the default location is the `/etc/openldap` directory, however this file is intended for use by the OpenLDAP utilities and should not really be used by the nss_ldap utility since its content and structure serves the specific purpose of enabling the resolution of user and group IDs via NSS.

   Change the parameters inside the file that is located on your OS so it matches ???. To find the correct location of this file, you can obtain this from the library that will be used by executing the following:

       root#  strings /lib/libnss_ldap* | grep ldap.conf
       /etc/ldap.conf

3. Configure the NSS control file so it matches the one shown in ???.

4. Before proceeding to configure Samba, validate the operation of the NSS identity resolution via LDAP by executing:

       root#  getent passwd
       ...
       root:x:0:512:Netbios Domain Administrator:/root:/bin/false
       nobody:x:999:514:nobody:/dev/null:/bin/false
       bobj:x:1000:513:Robert Jordan:/home/bobj:/bin/bash
       stans:x:1001:513:Stanley Soroka:/home/stans:/bin/bash
       chrisr:x:1002:513:Christine Roberson:/home/chrisr:/bin/bash
       maryv:x:1003:513:Mary Vortexis:/home/maryv:/bin/bash
       jht:x:1004:513:John H Terpstra:/home/jht:/bin/bash
       bldg1$:x:1006:553:bldg1$:/dev/null:/bin/false
       temptation$:x:1009:553:temptation$:/dev/null:/bin/false
       vaioboss$:x:1005:553:vaioboss$:/dev/null:/bin/false
       fran$:x:1008:553:fran$:/dev/null:/bin/false
       josephj:x:1007:513:Joseph James:/home/josephj:/bin/bash

   You should notice the location of the users' home directories. First, make certain that the home directories exist on the domain member server; otherwise, the home directory share is not available. The home directories could be mounted off a domain controller using NFS or by any other suitable means. Second, the absence of the domain name in the home directory path is indicative that identity resolution is not being done via winbind.

       root#  getent group
       ...
       Domain Admins:x:512:root,jht
       Domain Users:x:513:bobj,stans,chrisr,maryv,jht,josephj
       Domain Guests:x:514:
       Accounts:x:1000:
       Finances:x:1001:
       PIOps:x:1002:
       sammy:x:4321:

   This shows that all is working as it should be. Notice that in the LDAP database the users' primary and secondary group memberships are identical. It is not necessary to add secondary group memberships (in the group database) if the user is already a member via primary group membership in the password database. When using winbind, it is in fact undesirable to do this because it results in doubling up of group memberships and may cause problems with winbind under certain conditions. It is intended that these limitations with winbind will be resolved soon after Samba-3.0.20 has been released.

5. The LDAP directory must have a container object for IDMAP data. There are several ways you can check that your LDAP database is able to receive IDMAP information. One of the simplest is to execute:

       root#  slapcat | grep -i idmap
       dn: ou=Idmap,dc=abmas,dc=biz
       ou: idmap

   If the execution of this command does not return IDMAP entries, you need to create an LDIF template file (see ???). You can add the required entries using the following command:

       root#  ldapadd -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz" \
       		-w not24get < /etc/openldap/idmap.LDIF

6. Samba automatically populates the LDAP directory container when it needs to. To permit Samba write access to the LDAP directory it is necessary to set the LDAP administrative password in the `secrets.tdb` file as shown here:

       root#  smbpasswd -w not24get

7. The system is ready to join the domain. Execute the following:

       root#  net rpc join -U root%not24get
       Joined domain MEGANET2.

   This indicates that the domain join succeeded.

   Failure to join the domain could be caused by any number of variables. The most common causes of failure to join are:

   - Broken resolution of NetBIOS names to the respective IP address.

   - Incorrect username and password credentials.

   - The NT4 `restrict anonymous` is set to exclude anonymous connections.

   The connection setup can be diagnosed by executing:

       root#  net rpc join -S 'pdc-name' -U administrator%password -d 5

   Note: Use "root" for UNIX/Linux and Samba, use "Administrator" for Windows NT4/200X. If the cause of the failure appears to be related to a rejected or failed NT_SESSION_SETUP* or an error message that says NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED immediately check the Windows registry setting that controls the `restrict anonymous` setting. Set this to the value 0 so that an anonymous connection can be sustained, then try again.

   It is possible (perhaps even recommended) to use the following to validate the ability to connect to an NT4 PDC/BDC:

       root#  net rpc info -S 'pdc-name' -U Administrator%not24get
       Domain Name: MEGANET2
       Domain SID: S-1-5-21-422319763-4138913805-7168186429
       Sequence number: 1519909596
       Num users: 7003
       Num domain groups: 821
       Num local groups: 8

       root#  net rpc testjoin -S 'pdc-name' -U Administrator%not24get
       Join to 'MEGANET2' is OK

   If for any reason the following response is obtained to the last command above,it is time to call in the Networking Super-Snooper task force (i.e., start debugging):

       NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED
       Join to 'MEGANET2' failed.

8. Just joining the domain is not quite enough; you must now provide a privileged set of credentials through which `winbindd` can interact with the domain servers. Execute the following to implant the necessary credentials:

       root#  wbinfo --set-auth-user=Administrator%not24get

   The configuration is now ready to obtain the Samba domain user and group information.

9. You may now start Samba in the usual manner, and your Samba domain member server is ready for use. Just add shares as required.

Example 7.1. Samba Domain Member in Samba Domain Using LDAP `smb.conf` File

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`unix charset = LOCALE`
`workgroup = MEGANET2`
`security = DOMAIN`
`username map = /etc/samba/smbusers`
`log level = 10`
`syslog = 0`
`log file = /var/log/samba/%m`
`max log size = 50`
`smb ports = 139`
`name resolve order = wins bcast hosts`
`printcap name = CUPS`
`wins server = 192.168.2.1`
`ldap suffix = dc=abmas,dc=biz`
`ldap machine suffix = ou=People`
`ldap user suffix = ou=People`
`ldap group suffix = ou=Groups`
`ldap idmap suffix = ou=Idmap`
`ldap admin dn = cn=Manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz`
`idmap backend = ldap:ldap://lapdc.abmas.biz`
`idmap uid = 10000-20000`
`idmap gid = 10000-20000`
`winbind trusted domains only = Yes`
`printer admin = root`
`printing = cups`
`[homes]`
`comment = Home Directories`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`browseable = No`
`[printers]`
`comment = SMB Print Spool`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`guest ok = Yes`
`printable = Yes`
`browseable = No`
`[print$]`
`comment = Printer Drivers`
`path = /var/lib/samba/drivers`
`admin users = root, Administrator`
`write list = root`

Example 7.2. LDIF IDMAP Add-On Load File File: /etc/openldap/idmap.LDIF

    dn: ou=Idmap,dc=abmas,dc=biz
    objectClass: organizationalUnit
    ou: idmap
    structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit

Example 7.3. Configuration File for NSS LDAP Support `/etc/ldap.conf`

    URI     ldap://massive.abmas.biz ldap://massive.abmas.biz:636
    host    192.168.2.1
    base    dc=abmas,dc=biz
    binddn  cn=Manager,dc=abmas,dc=biz
    bindpw  not24get

    pam_password exop

    nss_base_passwd ou=People,dc=abmas,dc=biz?one
    nss_base_shadow ou=People,dc=abmas,dc=biz?one
    nss_base_group  ou=Groups,dc=abmas,dc=biz?one
    ssl     no

Example 7.4. NSS using LDAP for Identity Resolution File: `/etc/nsswitch.conf`

    passwd:         files ldap
    shadow:         files ldap
    group:          files ldap

    hosts:          files dns wins
    networks:       files dns

    services:       files
    protocols:      files
    rpc:            files
    ethers:         files
    netmasks:       files
    netgroup:       files
    publickey:      files

    bootparams:     files
    automount:      files
    aliases:        files

### NT4/Samba Domain with Samba Domain Member Server: Using NSS and Winbind

You need to use this method for creating a Samba domain member server if any of the following conditions prevail:

- LDAP support (client) is not installed on the system.

- There are mitigating circumstances forcing a decision not to use LDAP.

- The Samba domain member server must be part of a Windows NT4 Domain, or a Samba Domain.

Later in the chapter, you can see how to configure a Samba domain member server for a Windows ADS domain. Right now your objective is to configure a Samba server that can be a member of a Windows NT4-style domain and/or does not use LDAP.

### Note

If you use `winbind` for identity resolution, make sure that there are no duplicate accounts.

For example, do not have more than one account that has UID=0 in the password database. If there is an account called `root` in the `/etc/passwd` database, it is okay to have an account called `root` in the LDAP ldapsam or in the tdbsam. But if there are two accounts in the passdb backend that have the same UID, winbind will break. This means that the `Administrator` account must be called `root`.

Winbind will break if there is an account in `/etc/passwd` that has the same UID as an account that is in LDAP ldapsam (or in tdbsam) but that differs in name only.

The following configuration uses CIFS/SMB protocols alone to obtain user and group credentials. The winbind information is locally cached in the `winbindd_cache.tdb winbindd_idmap.tdb` files. This provides considerable performance benefits compared with the LDAP solution, particularly where the LDAP lookups must traverse WAN links. You may examine the contents of these files using the tool `tdbdump`, though you may have to build this from the Samba source code if it has not been supplied as part of a binary package distribution that you may be using.

Procedure 7.2. Configuration of Winbind-Based Identity Resolution

1. Using your favorite text editor, create the `smb.conf` file so it has the contents shown in ???.

2. Edit the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` so it has the entries shown in ???.

3. The system is ready to join the domain. Execute the following:

       net rpc join -U root%not2g4et
       Joined domain MEGANET2.

   This indicates that the domain join succeed.

4. Validate operation of `winbind` using the `wbinfo` tool as follows:

       root#  wbinfo -u
       MEGANET2+root
       MEGANET2+nobody
       MEGANET2+jht
       MEGANET2+maryv
       MEGANET2+billr
       MEGANET2+jelliott
       MEGANET2+dbrady
       MEGANET2+joeg
       MEGANET2+balap

   This shows that domain users have been listed correctly.

       root#  wbinfo -g
       MEGANET2+Domain Admins
       MEGANET2+Domain Users
       MEGANET2+Domain Guests
       MEGANET2+Accounts
       MEGANET2+Finances
       MEGANET2+PIOps

   This shows that domain groups have been correctly obtained also.

5. The next step verifies that NSS is able to obtain this information correctly from `winbind` also.

       root#  getent passwd
       ...
       MEGANET2+root:x:10000:10001:NetBIOS Domain Admin:
                             /home/MEGANET2/root:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+nobody:x:10001:10001:nobody:
                             /home/MEGANET2/nobody:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+jht:x:10002:10001:John H Terpstra:
                             /home/MEGANET2/jht:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+maryv:x:10003:10001:Mary Vortexis:
                             /home/MEGANET2/maryv:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+billr:x:10004:10001:William Randalph:
                             /home/MEGANET2/billr:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+jelliott:x:10005:10001:John G Elliott:
                             /home/MEGANET2/jelliott:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+dbrady:x:10006:10001:Darren Brady:
                             /home/MEGANET2/dbrady:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+joeg:x:10007:10001:Joe Green:
                             /home/MEGANET2/joeg:/bin/bash
       MEGANET2+balap:x:10008:10001:Bala Pillay:
                             /home/MEGANET2/balap:/bin/bash

   The user account information has been correctly obtained. This information has been merged with the winbind template information configured in the `smb.conf` file.

       root# # getent group
       ...
       MEGANET2+Domain Admins:x:10000:MEGANET2+root,MEGANET2+jht
       MEGANET2+Domain Users:x:10001:MEGANET2+jht,MEGANET2+maryv,\
               MEGANET2+billr,MEGANET2+jelliott,MEGANET2+dbrady,\
               MEGANET2+joeg,MEGANET2+balap
       MEGANET2+Domain Guests:x:10002:MEGANET2+nobody
       MEGANET2+Accounts:x:10003:
       MEGANET2+Finances:x:10004:
       MEGANET2+PIOps:x:10005:

6. The Samba member server of a Windows NT4 domain is ready for use.

Example 7.5. Samba Domain Member Server Using Winbind `smb.conf` File for NT4 Domain

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`unix charset = LOCALE`
`workgroup = MEGANET2`
`security = DOMAIN`
`username map = /etc/samba/smbusers`
`log level = 1`
`syslog = 0`
`log file = /var/log/samba/%m`
`max log size = 0`
`smb ports = 139`
`name resolve order = wins bcast hosts`
`printcap name = CUPS`
`wins server = 192.168.2.1`
`idmap uid = 10000-20000`
`idmap gid = 10000-20000`
`template primary group = "Domain Users"`
`template shell = /bin/bash`
`winbind separator = +`
`printer admin = root`
`hosts allow = 192.168.2., 192.168.3., 127.`
`printing = cups`
`[homes]`
`comment = Home Directories`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`browseable = No`
`[printers]`
`comment = SMB Print Spool`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`guest ok = Yes`
`printable = Yes`
`browseable = No`
`[print$]`
`comment = Printer Drivers`
`path = /var/lib/samba/drivers`
`admin users = root, Administrator`
`write list = root`

### NT4/Samba Domain with Samba Domain Member Server without NSS Support

No matter how many UNIX/Linux administrators there may be who believe that a UNIX operating system that does not have NSS and PAM support to be outdated, the fact is there are still many such systems in use today. Samba can be used without NSS support, but this does limit it to the use of local user and group accounts only.

The following steps may be followed to implement Samba with support for local accounts. In this configuration Samba is made a domain member server. All incoming connections to the Samba server will cause the look-up of the incoming username. If the account is found, it is used. If the account is not found, one will be automatically created on the local machine so that it can then be used for all access controls.

Procedure 7.3. Configuration Using Local Accounts Only

1. Using your favorite text editor, create the `smb.conf` file so it has the contents shown in ???.

2. The system is ready to join the domain. Execute the following:

       net rpc join -U root%not24get
       Joined domain MEGANET2.

   This indicates that the domain join succeed.

3. Be sure to run all three Samba daemons: `smbd`, `nmbd`, `winbindd`.

4. The Samba member server of a Windows NT4 domain is ready for use.

Example 7.6. Samba Domain Member Server Using Local Accounts `smb.conf` File for NT4 Domain

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`unix charset = LOCALE`
`workgroup = MEGANET3`
`netbios name = BSDBOX`
`security = DOMAIN`
`username map = /etc/samba/smbusers`
`log level = 1`
`syslog = 0`
`add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -m '%u'`
`add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -M '%u'`
`add group script = /usr/sbin/groupadd '%g'`
`log file = /var/log/samba/%m`
`max log size = 0`
`smb ports = 139`
`name resolve order = wins bcast hosts`
`printcap name = CUPS`
`wins server = 192.168.2.1`
`printer admin = root`
`hosts allow = 192.168.2., 192.168.3., 127.`
`printing = cups`
`[homes]`
`comment = Home Directories`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`browseable = No`
`[printers]`
`comment = SMB Print Spool`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`guest ok = Yes`
`printable = Yes`
`browseable = No`
`[print$]`
`comment = Printer Drivers`
`path = /var/lib/samba/drivers`
`admin users = root, Administrator`
`write list = root`

### Active Directory Domain with Samba Domain Member Server

One of the much-sought-after features new to Samba-3 is the ability to join an Active Directory domain using Kerberos protocols. This makes it possible to operate an entire Windows network without the need to run NetBIOS over TCP/IP and permits more secure networking in general. An exhaustively complete discussion of the protocols is not possible in this book; perhaps a later book may explore the intricacies of the NetBIOS-less operation that Samba-3 can participate in. For now, we simply focus on how a Samba-3 server can be made a domain member server.

The diagram in ??? demonstrates how Samba-3 interfaces with Microsoft Active Directory components. It should be noted that if Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX (SFU) has been installed and correctly configured, it is possible to use client LDAP for identity resolution just as can be done with Samba-3 when using an LDAP passdb backend. The UNIX tool that you need for this, as in the case of LDAP on UNIX/Linux, is the PADL Software nss_ldap tool-set. Compared with use of winbind and Kerberos, the use of LDAP-based identity resolution is a little less secure. In view of the fact that this solution requires additional software to be installed on the Windows 200x ADS domain controllers, and that means more management overhead, it is likely that most Samba-3 ADS client sites may elect to use winbind.

Do not attempt to use this procedure if you are not 100 percent certain that the build of Samba-3 you are using has been compiled and linked with all the tools necessary for this to work. Given the importance of this step, you must first validate that the Samba-3 message block daemon (`smbd`) has the necessary features.

The hypothetical domain you are using in this example assumes that the Abmas London office decided to take its own lead (some would say this is a typical behavior in a global corporate world; besides, a little divergence and conflict makes for an interesting life). The Windows Server 2003 ADS domain is called `london.abmas.biz` and the name of the server is `W2K3S`. In ADS realm terms, the domain controller is known as `w2k3s.london.abmas.biz`. In NetBIOS nomenclature, the domain name is `LONDON` and the server name is `W2K3S`.

Figure 7.3. Active Directory Domain: Samba Member Server

Procedure 7.4. Joining a Samba Server as an ADS Domain Member

1. Before you try to use Samba-3, you want to know for certain that your executables have support for Kerberos and for LDAP. Execute the following to identify whether or not this build is perhaps suitable for use:

       root#  cd /usr/sbin
       root#  smbd -b | grep KRB
          HAVE_KRB5_H
          HAVE_ADDR_TYPE_IN_KRB5_ADDRESS
          HAVE_KRB5
          HAVE_KRB5_AUTH_CON_SETKEY
          HAVE_KRB5_GET_DEFAULT_IN_TKT_ETYPES
          HAVE_KRB5_GET_PW_SALT
          HAVE_KRB5_KEYBLOCK_KEYVALUE
          HAVE_KRB5_KEYTAB_ENTRY_KEYBLOCK
          HAVE_KRB5_MK_REQ_EXTENDED
          HAVE_KRB5_PRINCIPAL_GET_COMP_STRING
          HAVE_KRB5_SET_DEFAULT_IN_TKT_ETYPES
          HAVE_KRB5_STRING_TO_KEY
          HAVE_KRB5_STRING_TO_KEY_SALT
          HAVE_LIBKRB5

   This output was obtained on a SUSE Linux system and shows the output for Samba that has been compiled and linked with the Heimdal Kerberos libraries. The following is a typical output that will be found on a Red Hat Linux system that has been linked with the MIT Kerberos libraries:

       root#  cd /usr/sbin
       root#  smbd -b | grep KRB
          HAVE_KRB5_H
          HAVE_ADDRTYPE_IN_KRB5_ADDRESS
          HAVE_KRB5
          HAVE_KRB5_AUTH_CON_SETUSERUSERKEY
          HAVE_KRB5_ENCRYPT_DATA
          HAVE_KRB5_FREE_DATA_CONTENTS
          HAVE_KRB5_FREE_KTYPES
          HAVE_KRB5_GET_PERMITTED_ENCTYPES
          HAVE_KRB5_KEYTAB_ENTRY_KEY
          HAVE_KRB5_LOCATE_KDC
          HAVE_KRB5_MK_REQ_EXTENDED
          HAVE_KRB5_PRINCIPAL2SALT
          HAVE_KRB5_PRINC_COMPONENT
          HAVE_KRB5_SET_DEFAULT_TGS_KTYPES
          HAVE_KRB5_SET_REAL_TIME
          HAVE_KRB5_STRING_TO_KEY
          HAVE_KRB5_TKT_ENC_PART2
          HAVE_KRB5_USE_ENCTYPE
          HAVE_LIBGSSAPI_KRB5
          HAVE_LIBKRB5

   You can validate that Samba has been compiled and linked with LDAP support by executing:

       root#  smbd -b | grep LDAP
       massive:/usr/sbin # smbd -b | grep LDAP
          HAVE_LDAP_H
          HAVE_LDAP
          HAVE_LDAP_DOMAIN2HOSTLIST
          HAVE_LDAP_INIT
          HAVE_LDAP_INITIALIZE
          HAVE_LDAP_SET_REBIND_PROC
          HAVE_LIBLDAP
          LDAP_SET_REBIND_PROC_ARGS

   This does look promising; `smbd` has been built with Kerberos and LDAP support. You are relieved to know that it is safe to progress.

2. The next step is to identify which version of the Kerberos libraries have been used. In order to permit Samba-3 to interoperate with Windows 2003 Active Directory, it is essential that it has been linked with either MIT Kerberos version 1.3.1 or later, or that it has been linked with Heimdal Kerberos 0.6 plus specific patches. You may identify what version of the MIT Kerberos libraries are installed on your system by executing (on Red Hat Linux):

       root#  rpm -q krb5

   Or on SUSE Linux, execute:

       root#  rpm -q heimdal

   Please note that the RPMs provided by the Samba-Team are known to be working and have been validated. Red Hat Linux RPMs may be obtained from the Samba FTP sites. SUSE Linux RPMs may be obtained from Sernet in Germany.

   From this point on, you are certain that the Samba-3 build you are using has the necessary capabilities. You can now configure Samba-3 and the NSS.

3. Using you favorite editor, configure the `smb.conf` file that is located in the `/etc/samba` directory so that it has the contents shown in ???.

4. Edit or create the NSS control file so it has the contents shown in ???.

5. Delete the file `/etc/samba/secrets.tdb` if it exists. Of course, you do keep a backup, don't you?

6. Delete the tdb files that cache Samba information. You keep a backup of the old files, of course. You also remove all files to ensure that nothing can pollute your nice, new configuration. Execute the following (example is for SUSE Linux):

       root#  rm /var/lib/samba/*tdb

7. Validate your `smb.conf` file using `testparm` (as you have done previously). Correct all errors reported before proceeding. The command you execute is:

       root#  testparm -s | less

   Now that you are satisfied that your Samba server is ready to join the Windows ADS domain, let's move on.

8. This is a good time to double-check everything and then execute the following command when everything you have done has checked out okay:

       root#  net ads join -UAdministrator%not24get
       Using short domain name -- LONDON
       Joined 'FRAN' to realm 'LONDON.ABMAS.BIZ'

   You have successfully made your Samba-3 server a member of the ADS domain using Kerberos protocols.

   In the event that you receive no output messages, a silent return means that the domain join failed. You should use `ethereal` to identify what may be failing. Common causes of a failed join include:

   - Defective or misconfigured DNS name resolution.

   - Restrictive security settings on the Windows 200x ADS domain controller preventing needed communications protocols. You can check this by searching the Windows Server 200x Event Viewer.

   - Incorrectly configured `smb.conf` file settings.

   - Lack of support of necessary Kerberos protocols because the version of MIT Kerberos (or Heimdal) in use is not up to date enough to support the necessary functionality.

   In any case, never execute the `net rpc join` command in an attempt to join the Samba server to the domain, unless you wish not to use the Kerberos security protocols. Use of the older RPC-based domain join facility requires that Windows Server 200x ADS has been configured appropriately for mixed mode operation.

9. If the `tdbdump` is installed on your system (not essential), you can look inside the `/etc/samba/secrets.tdb` file. If you wish to do this, execute:

       root#  tdbdump secrets.tdb
       {
       key = "SECRETS/SID/LONDON"
       data = "\01\04\00\00\00\00\00\05\15\00\00\00\EBw\86\F1\ED\BD\
          F6{\5C6\E5W\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\
          00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\
          00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00"
       }
       {
       key = "SECRETS/MACHINE_PASSWORD/LONDON"
       data = "le3Q5FPnN5.ueC\00"
       }
       {
       key = "SECRETS/MACHINE_SEC_CHANNEL_TYPE/LONDON"
       data = "\02\00\00\00"
       }
       {
       key = "SECRETS/MACHINE_LAST_CHANGE_TIME/LONDON"
       data = "E\89\F6?"
       }

   This is given to demonstrate to the skeptics that this process truly does work.

10. It is now time to start Samba in the usual way (as has been done many time before in this book).

11. This is a good time to verify that everything is working. First, check that winbind is able to obtain the list of users and groups from the ADS domain controller. Execute the following:

        root#  wbinfo -u
        LONDON+Administrator
        LONDON+Guest
        LONDON+SUPPORT_388945a0
        LONDON+krbtgt
        LONDON+jht

    Good, the list of users was obtained. Now do likewise for group accounts:

        root#  wbinfo -g
        LONDON+Domain Computers
        LONDON+Domain Controllers
        LONDON+Schema Admins
        LONDON+Enterprise Admins
        LONDON+Domain Admins
        LONDON+Domain Users
        LONDON+Domain Guests
        LONDON+Group Policy Creator Owners
        LONDON+DnsUpdateProxy

    Excellent. That worked also, as expected.

12. Now repeat this via NSS to validate that full identity resolution is functional as required. Execute:

        root#  getent passwd
        ...
        LONDON+Administrator:x:10000:10000:Administrator:
                     /home/LONDON/administrator:/bin/bash
        LONDON+Guest:x:10001:10001:Guest:
                     /home/LONDON/guest:/bin/bash
        LONDON+SUPPORT_388945a0:x:10002:10000:SUPPORT_388945a0:
                     /home/LONDON/support_388945a0:/bin/bash
        LONDON+krbtgt:x:10003:10000:krbtgt:
                     /home/LONDON/krbtgt:/bin/bash
        LONDON+jht:x:10004:10000:John H. Terpstra:
                     /home/LONDON/jht:/bin/bash

    Okay, ADS user accounts are being resolved. Now you try group resolution:

        root#  getent group
        ...
        LONDON+Domain Computers:x:10002:
        LONDON+Domain Controllers:x:10003:
        LONDON+Schema Admins:x:10004:LONDON+Administrator
        LONDON+Enterprise Admins:x:10005:LONDON+Administrator
        LONDON+Domain Admins:x:10006:LONDON+jht,LONDON+Administrator
        LONDON+Domain Users:x:10000:
        LONDON+Domain Guests:x:10001:
        LONDON+Group Policy Creator Owners:x:10007:LONDON+Administrator
        LONDON+DnsUpdateProxy:x:10008:

    This is very pleasing. Everything works as expected.

13. You may now perform final verification that communications between Samba-3 winbind and the Active Directory server is using Kerberos protocols. Execute the following:

        root#  net ads info
        LDAP server: 192.168.2.123
        LDAP server name: w2k3s
        Realm: LONDON.ABMAS.BIZ
        Bind Path: dc=LONDON,dc=ABMAS,dc=BIZ
        LDAP port: 389
        Server time: Sat, 03 Jan 2004 02:44:44 GMT
        KDC server: 192.168.2.123
        Server time offset: 2

    It should be noted that Kerberos protocols are time-clock critical. You should keep all server time clocks synchronized using the network time protocol (NTP). In any case, the output we obtained confirms that all systems are operational.

14. There is one more action you elect to take, just because you are paranoid and disbelieving, so you execute the following command:

        root#  net ads status -UAdministrator%not24get
        objectClass: top
        objectClass: person
        objectClass: organizationalPerson
        objectClass: user
        objectClass: computer
        cn: fran
        distinguishedName: CN=fran,CN=Computers,DC=london,DC=abmas,DC=biz
        instanceType: 4
        whenCreated: 20040103092006.0Z
        whenChanged: 20040103092006.0Z
        uSNCreated: 28713
        uSNChanged: 28717
        name: fran
        objectGUID: 58f89519-c467-49b9-acb0-f099d73696e
        userAccountControl: 69632
        badPwdCount: 0
        codePage: 0
        countryCode: 0
        badPasswordTime: 0
        lastLogoff: 0
        lastLogon: 127175965783327936
        localPolicyFlags: 0
        pwdLastSet: 127175952062598496
        primaryGroupID: 515
        objectSid: S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1109
        accountExpires: 9223372036854775807
        logonCount: 13
        sAMAccountName: fran$
        sAMAccountType: 805306369
        operatingSystem: Samba
        operatingSystemVersion: 3.0.20-SUSE
        dNSHostName: fran
        userPrincipalName: HOST/fran@LONDON.ABMAS.BIZ
        servicePrincipalName: CIFS/fran.london.abmas.biz
        servicePrincipalName: CIFS/fran
        servicePrincipalName: HOST/fran.london.abmas.biz
        servicePrincipalName: HOST/fran
        objectCategory: CN=Computer,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,
                                      DC=london,DC=abmas,DC=biz
        isCriticalSystemObject: FALSE
        -------------- Security Descriptor (revision: 1, type: 0x8c14)
        owner SID: S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-512
        group SID: S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513
        ------- (system) ACL (revision: 4, size: 120, number of ACEs: 2)
        ------- ACE (type: 0x07, flags: 0x5a, size: 0x38,
                       mask: 0x20, object flags: 0x3)
        access SID:  S-1-1-0
        access type: AUDIT OBJECT
        Permissions:
                [Write All Properties]
        ------- ACE (type: 0x07, flags: 0x5a, size: 0x38,
                       mask: 0x20, object flags: 0x3)
        access SID:  S-1-1-0
        access type: AUDIT OBJECT
        Permissions:
                [Write All Properties]
        ------- (user) ACL (revision: 4, size: 1944, number of ACEs: 40)
        ------- ACE (type: 0x00, flags: 0x00, size: 0x24, mask: 0xf01ff)
        access SID:  S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-512
        access type: ALLOWED
        Permissions: [Full Control]
        ------- ACE (type: 0x00, flags: 0x00, size: 0x18, mask: 0xf01ff)
        access SID:  S-1-5-32-548
        ...
        ------- ACE (type: 0x05, flags: 0x12, size: 0x38,
                        mask: 0x10, object flags: 0x3)
        access SID:  S-1-5-9
        access type: ALLOWED OBJECT
        Permissions:
                [Read All Properties]
        -------------- End Of Security Descriptor

    And now you have conclusive proof that your Samba-3 ADS domain member server called `FRAN` is able to communicate fully with the ADS domain controllers.

Your Samba-3 ADS domain member server is ready for use. During training sessions, you may be asked what is inside the `winbindd_cache.tdb and winbindd_idmap.tdb` files. Since curiosity just took hold of you, execute the following:

    root#  tdbdump /var/lib/samba/winbindd_idmap.tdb
    {
    key = "S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-501\00"
    data = "UID 10001\00"
    }
    {
    key = "UID 10005\00"
    data = "S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1111\00"
    }
    {
    key = "GID 10004\00"
    data = "S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-518\00"
    }
    {
    key = "S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502\00"
    data = "UID 10003\00"
    }
    ...

    root#  tdbdump /var/lib/samba/winbindd_cache.tdb
    {
    key = "UL/LONDON"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\06\00\00\00\0DAdministrator\0D
       Administrator-S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-500-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513\05Guest\05
       Guest-S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-501-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-514\10
       SUPPORT_388945a0\10SUPPORT_388945a0.
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1001-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513\06krbtgt\06
       krbtgt-S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513\03jht\10
       John H. Terpstra.S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1110-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513"
    }
    {
    key = "GM/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-512"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\02\00\00\00.
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1110\03
       jht\01\00\00\00-S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-500\0D
       Administrator\01\00\00\00"
    }
    {
    key = "SN/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513"
    data = "\00\00\00\00xp\00\00\02\00\00\00\0CDomain Users"
    }
    {
    key = "GM/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-518"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\01\00\00\00-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-500\0D
       Administrator\01\00\00\00"
    }
    {
    key = "SEQNUM/LONDON\00"
    data = "xp\00\00C\92\F6?"
    }
    {
    key = "U/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1110"
    data = "\00\00\00\00xp\00\00\03jht\10John H. Terpstra.
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1110-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513"
    }
    {
    key = "NS/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502"
    }
    {
    key = "SN/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-1001"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\01\00\00\00\10SUPPORT_388945a0"
    }
    {
    key = "SN/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-500"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\01\00\00\00\0DAdministrator"
    }
    {
    key = "U/S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502"
    data = "\00\00\00\00bp\00\00\06krbtgt\06krbtgt-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-502-
       S-1-5-21-4052121579-2079768045-1474639452-513"
    }
    ....

Now all is revealed. Your curiosity, as well as that of your team, has been put at ease. May this server serve well all who happen upon it.

Example 7.7. Samba Domain Member `smb.conf` File for Active Directory Membership

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`unix charset = LOCALE`
`workgroup = LONDON`
`realm = LONDON.ABMAS.BIZ`
`server string = Samba 3.0.20`
`security = ADS`
`username map = /etc/samba/smbusers`
`log level = 1`
`syslog = 0`
`log file = /var/log/samba/%m`
`max log size = 50`
`printcap name = CUPS`
`ldap ssl = no`
`idmap uid = 10000-20000`
`idmap gid = 10000-20000`
`template primary group = "Domain Users"`
`template shell = /bin/bash`
`winbind separator = +`
`printing = cups`
`[homes]`
`comment = Home Directories`
`valid users = %S`
`read only = No`
`browseable = No`
`[printers]`
`comment = SMB Print Spool`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`guest ok = Yes`
`printable = Yes`
`browseable = No`
`[print$]`
`comment = Printer Drivers`
`path = /var/lib/samba/drivers`
`admin users = root, Administrator`
`write list = root`

#### IDMAP_RID with Winbind

The `idmap_rid` facility is a new tool that, unlike native winbind, creates a predictable mapping of MS Windows SIDs to UNIX UIDs and GIDs. The key benefit of this method of implementing the Samba IDMAP facility is that it eliminates the need to store the IDMAP data in a central place. The downside is that it can be used only within a single ADS domain and is not compatible with trusted domain implementations.

This alternate method of SID to UID/GID mapping can be achieved with the idmap_rid plug-in. This plug-in uses the RID of the user SID to derive the UID and GID by adding the RID to a base value specified. This utility requires that the parameter “allow trusted domains = No” must be specified, as it is not compatible with multiple domain environments. The `idmap uid` and `idmap gid` ranges must be specified.

The idmap_rid facility can be used both for NT4/Samba-style domains as well as with Active Directory. To use this with an NT4 domain, the `realm` is not used. Additionally the method used to join the domain uses the `net rpc join` process.

An example `smb.conf` file for an ADS domain environment is shown in ???.

Example 7.8. Example `smb.conf` File Using `idmap_rid`

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = KPAK`
`netbios name = BIGJOE`
`realm = CORP.KPAK.COM`
`server string = Office Server`
`security = ADS`
`allow trusted domains = No`
`idmap backend = idmap_rid:KPAK=500-100000000`
`idmap uid = 500-100000000`
`idmap gid = 500-100000000`
`template shell = /bin/bash`
`winbind use default domain = Yes`
`winbind enum users = No`
`winbind enum groups = No`
`winbind nested groups = Yes`
`printer admin = "KPAK\Domain Admins"`

In a large domain with many users, it is imperative to disable enumeration of users and groups. For example, at a site that has 22,000 users in Active Directory the winbind-based user and group resolution is unavailable for nearly 12 minutes following first start-up of `winbind`. Disabling of such enumeration results in instantaneous response. The disabling of user and group enumeration means that it will not be possible to list users or groups using the `getent passwd` and `getent group` commands. It will be possible to perform the lookup for individual users, as shown in the procedure below.

The use of this tool requires configuration of NSS as per the native use of winbind. Edit the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` so it has the following parameters:

    ...
    passwd: files winbind
    shadow: files winbind
    group:  files winbind
    ...
    hosts:  files wins
    ...

The following procedure can be used to utilize the idmap_rid facility:

1. Create or install and `smb.conf` file with the above configuration.

2. Edit the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file as shown above.

3. Execute:

       root#  net ads join -UAdministrator%password
       Using short domain name -- KPAK
       Joined 'BIGJOE' to realm 'CORP.KPAK.COM'

   An invalid or failed join can be detected by executing:

       root#  net ads testjoin
       BIGJOE$@'s password:
       [2004/11/05 16:53:03, 0] utils/net_ads.c:ads_startup(186)
         ads_connect: No results returned
       Join to domain is not valid

   The specific error message may differ from the above because it depends on the type of failure that may have occurred. Increase the `log level` to 10, repeat the above test, and then examine the log files produced to identify the nature of the failure.

4. Start the `nmbd`, `winbind,` and `smbd` daemons in the order shown.

5. Validate the operation of this configuration by executing:

       root#  getent passwd administrator
       administrator:x:1000:1013:Administrator:/home/BE/administrator:/bin/bash

#### IDMAP Storage in LDAP using Winbind

The storage of IDMAP information in LDAP can be used with both NT4/Samba-3-style domains as well as with ADS domains. OpenLDAP is a commonly used LDAP server for this purpose, although any standards-compliant LDAP server can be used. It is therefore possible to deploy this IDMAP configuration using the Sun iPlanet LDAP server, Novell eDirectory, Microsoft ADS plus ADAM, and so on.

The example in ??? is for an ADS-style domain.

Example 7.9. Typical ADS Style Domain `smb.conf` File

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = SNOWSHOW`
`netbios name = GOODELF`
`realm = SNOWSHOW.COM`
`server string = Samba Server`
`security = ADS`
`log level = 1 ads:10 auth:10 sam:10 rpc:10`
`ldap admin dn = cn=Manager,dc=SNOWSHOW,dc=COM`
`ldap idmap suffix = ou=Idmap`
`ldap suffix = dc=SNOWSHOW,dc=COM`
`idmap backend = ldap:ldap://ldap.snowshow.com`
`idmap uid = 150000-550000`
`idmap gid = 150000-550000`
`template shell = /bin/bash`
`winbind use default domain = Yes`

In the case of an NT4 or Samba-3-style domain the `realm` is not used, and the command used to join the domain is `net rpc join`. The above example also demonstrates advanced error reporting techniques that are documented in the chapter called "Reporting Bugs" in “The Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide, Second Edition” (TOSHARG2).

Where MIT kerberos is installed (version 1.3.4 or later), edit the `/etc/krb5.conf` file so it has the following contents:

    [logging]
     default = FILE:/var/log/krb5libs.log
     kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log
     admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmind.log

    [libdefaults]
     default_realm = SNOWSHOW.COM
     dns_lookup_realm = false
     dns_lookup_kdc = true

    [appdefaults]
     pam = {
       debug = false
       ticket_lifetime = 36000
       renew_lifetime = 36000
       forwardable = true
       krb4_convert = false
     }

Where Heimdal kerberos is installed, edit the `/etc/krb5.conf` file so it is either empty (i.e., no contents) or it has the following contents:

    [libdefaults]
            default_realm = SNOWSHOW.COM
            clockskew = 300

    [realms]
            SNOWSHOW.COM = {
                    kdc = ADSDC.SHOWSHOW.COM
            }

    [domain_realm]
            .snowshow.com = SNOWSHOW.COM

### Note

Samba cannot use the Heimdal libraries if there is no `/etc/krb5.conf` file. So long as there is an empty file, the Heimdal kerberos libraries will be usable. There is no need to specify any settings because Samba, using the Heimdal libraries, can figure this out automatically.

Edit the NSS control file `/etc/nsswitch.conf` so it has the following entries:

    ...
    passwd: files ldap
    shadow: files ldap
    group:  files ldap
    ...
    hosts:  files wins
    ...

You will need the PADL `nss_ldap` tool set for this solution. Configure the `/etc/ldap.conf` file so it has the information needed. The following is an example of a working file:

    host    192.168.2.1
    base    dc=snowshow,dc=com
    binddn  cn=Manager,dc=snowshow,dc=com
    bindpw  not24get

    pam_password exop

    nss_base_passwd ou=People,dc=snowshow,dc=com?one
    nss_base_shadow ou=People,dc=snowshow,dc=com?one
    nss_base_group  ou=Groups,dc=snowshow,dc=com?one
    ssl     no

The following procedure may be followed to affect a working configuration:

1. Configure the `smb.conf` file as shown above.

2. Create the `/etc/krb5.conf` file following the indications above.

3. Configure the `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file as shown above.

4. Download, build, and install the PADL nss_ldap tool set. Configure the `/etc/ldap.conf` file as shown above.

5. Configure an LDAP server and initialize the directory with the top-level entries needed by IDMAP as shown in the following LDIF file:

       dn: dc=snowshow,dc=com
       objectClass: dcObject
       objectClass: organization
       dc: snowshow
       o: The Greatest Snow Show in Singapore.
       description: Posix and Samba LDAP Identity Database

       dn: cn=Manager,dc=snowshow,dc=com
       objectClass: organizationalRole
       cn: Manager
       description: Directory Manager

       dn: ou=Idmap,dc=snowshow,dc=com
       objectClass: organizationalUnit
       ou: idmap

6. Execute the command to join the Samba domain member server to the ADS domain as shown here:

       root#  net ads testjoin
       Using short domain name -- SNOWSHOW
       Joined 'GOODELF' to realm 'SNOWSHOW.COM'

7. Store the LDAP server access password in the Samba `secrets.tdb` file as follows:

       root#  smbpasswd -w not24get

8. Start the `nmbd`, `winbind`, and `smbd` daemons in the order shown.

Follow the diagnostic procedures shown earlier in this chapter to identify success or failure of the join. In many cases a failure is indicated by a silent return to the command prompt with no indication of the reason for failure.

#### IDMAP and NSS Using LDAP from ADS with RFC2307bis Schema Extension

The use of this method is messy. The information provided in this section is for guidance only and is very definitely not complete. This method does work; it is used in a number of large sites and has an acceptable level of performance.

An example `smb.conf` file is shown in ???.

Example 7.10. ADS Membership Using RFC2307bis Identity Resolution `smb.conf` File

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = BUBBAH`
`netbios name = MADMAX`
`realm = BUBBAH.COM`
`server string = Samba Server`
`security = ADS`
`idmap uid = 150000-550000`
`idmap gid = 150000-550000`
`template shell = /bin/bash`
`winbind use default domain = Yes`
`winbind trusted domains only = Yes`
`winbind nested groups = Yes`

The DMS must be joined to the domain using the usual procedure. Additionally, it is necessary to build and install the PADL nss_ldap tool set. Be sure to build this tool set with the following:

    ./configure --enable-rfc2307bis --enable-schema-mapping
    make install

The following `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file contents are required:

    ...
    passwd: files ldap
    shadow: files ldap
    group:  files ldap
    ...
    hosts:  files wins
    ...

The `/etc/ldap.conf` file must be configured also. Refer to the PADL documentation and source code for nss_ldap instructions.

The next step involves preparation on the ADS schema. This is briefly discussed in the remaining part of this chapter.

##### IDMAP, Active Directory, and MS Services for UNIX 3.5

The Microsoft Windows Service for UNIX version 3.5 is available for free download from the Microsoft Web site. You will need to download this tool and install it following Microsoft instructions.

##### IDMAP, Active Directory, and AD4UNIX

Instructions for obtaining and installing the AD4UNIX tool set can be found from the Geekcomix Web site.

### UNIX/Linux Client Domain Member

So far this chapter has been mainly concerned with the provision of file and print services for domain member servers. However, an increasing number of UNIX/Linux workstations are being installed that do not act as file or print servers to anyone other than a single desktop user. The key demand for desktop systems is to be able to log onto any UNIX/Linux or Windows desktop using the same network user credentials.

The ability to use a common set of user credential across a variety of network systems is generally regarded as a single sign-on (SSO) solution. SSO systems are sold by a large number of vendors and include a range of technologies such as:

- Proxy sign-on

- Federated directory provisioning

- Metadirectory server solutions

- Replacement authentication systems

There are really four solutions that provide integrated authentication and user identity management facilities:

- Samba winbind (free). Samba-3.0.20 introduced a complete replacement for Winbind that now provides a greater level of scalability in large ADS environments.

- PADL PAM and LDAP tools (free).

- Vintela Authentication Services (commercial).

- Centrify DirectControl (commercial). Centrify's commercial product allows UNIX and Linux systems to use Active Directory security, directory and policy services. Enhancements include a centralized ID mapping that allows Samba, DirectControl and Active Directory to seamlessly work together.

The following guidelines are pertinent to the deployment of winbind-based authentication and identity resolution with the express purpose of allowing users to log on to UNIX/Linux desktops using Windows network domain user credentials (username and password).

You should note that it is possible to use LDAP-based PAM and NSS tools to permit distributed systems logons (SSO), providing user and group accounts are stored in an LDAP directory. This provides logon services for UNIX/Linux users, while Windows users obtain their sign-on support via Samba-3.

On the other hand, if the authentication and identity resolution backend must be provided by a Windows NT4-style domain or from an Active Directory Domain that does not have the Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX installed, winbind is your best friend. Specific guidance for these situations now follows.

To permit users to log on to a Linux system using Windows network credentials, you need to configure identity resolution (NSS) and PAM. This means that the basic steps include those outlined above with the addition of PAM configuration. Given that most workstations (desktop/client) usually do not need to provide file and print services to a group of users, the configuration of shares and printers is generally less important. Often this allows the share specifications to be entirely removed from the `smb.conf` file. That is obviously an administrator decision.

#### NT4 Domain Member

The following steps provide a Linux system that users can log onto using Windows NT4 (or Samba-3) domain network credentials:

1. Follow the steps outlined in ??? and ensure that all validation tests function as shown.

2. Identify what services users must log on to. On Red Hat Linux, if it is intended that the user shall be given access to all services, it may be most expeditious to simply configure the file `/etc/pam.d/system-auth`.

3. Carefully make a backup copy of all PAM configuration files before you begin making changes. If you break the PAM configuration, please note that you may need to use an emergency boot process to recover your Linux system. It is possible to break the ability to log into the system if PAM files are incorrectly configured. The entire directory `/etc/pam.d` should be backed up to a safe location.

4. If you require only console login support, edit the `/etc/pam.d/login` so it matches ???.

5. To provide the ability to log onto the graphical desktop interface, you must edit the files `gdm` and `xdm` in the `/etc/pam.d` directory.

6. Edit only one file at a time. Carefully validate its operation before attempting to reboot the machine.

#### ADS Domain Member

This procedure should be followed to permit a Linux network client (workstation/desktop) to permit users to log on using Microsoft Active Directory-based user credentials.

1. Follow the steps outlined in ??? and ensure that all validation tests function as shown.

2. Identify what services users must log on to. On Red Hat Linux, if it is intended that the user shall be given access to all services, it may be most expeditious to simply configure the file `/etc/pam.d/system-auth` as shown in ???.

3. Carefully make a backup copy of all PAM configuration files before you begin making changes. If you break the PAM configuration, please note that you may need to use an emergency boot process to recover your Linux system. It is possible to break the ability to log into the system if PAM files are incorrectly configured. The entire directory `/etc/pam.d` should be backed up to a safe location.

4. If you require only console login support, edit the `/etc/pam.d/login` so it matches ???.

5. To provide the ability to log onto the graphical desktop interface, you must edit the files `gdm` and `xdm` in the `/etc/pam.d` directory.

6. Edit only one file at a time. Carefully validate its operation before attempting to reboot the machine.

Example 7.11. SUSE: PAM `login` Module Using Winbind

    # /etc/pam.d/login

    #%PAM-1.0
    auth sufficient pam_unix2.so    nullok
    auth sufficient pam_winbind.so use_first_pass use_authtok
    auth required   pam_securetty.so
    auth required   pam_nologin.so
    auth required   pam_env.so
    auth required   pam_mail.so
    account sufficient      pam_unix2.so
    account sufficient      pam_winbind.so user_first_pass use_authtok
    password required       pam_pwcheck.so  nullok
    password sufficient     pam_unix2.so    nullok use_first_pass use_authtok
    password sufficient     pam_winbind.so  use_first_pass use_authtok
    session sufficient      pam_unix2.so    none
    session sufficient      pam_winbind.so  use_first_pass use_authtok
    session required        pam_limits.so

Example 7.12. SUSE: PAM `xdm` Module Using Winbind

    # /etc/pam.d/gdm (/etc/pam.d/xdm)

    #%PAM-1.0
    auth     sufficient     pam_unix2.so     nullok
    auth     sufficient     pam_winbind.so   use_first_pass use_authtok
    account  sufficient     pam_unix2.so
    account  sufficient     pam_winbind.so   use_first_pass use_authtok
    password sufficient     pam_unix2.so
    password sufficient     pam_winbind.so   use_first_pass use_authtok
    session  sufficient     pam_unix2.so
    session  sufficient     pam_winbind.so   use_first_pass use_authtok
    session  required       pam_dev perm.so
    session  required       pam_resmgr.so

Example 7.13. Red Hat 9: PAM System Authentication File: `/etc/pam.d/system-auth` Module Using Winbind

    #%PAM-1.0
    auth        required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_env.so
    auth        sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so likeauth nullok
    auth        sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_winbind.so use_first_pass
    auth        required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_deny.so

    account     required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so
    account     sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_winbind.so use_first_pass

    password    required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_cracklib.so retry=3 type=
    # Note: The above line is complete. There is nothing following the '='
    password    sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so \
                                                 nullok use_authtok md5 shadow
    password    sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_winbind.so use_first_pass
    password    required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_deny.so

    session     required      /lib/security/$ISA/pam_limits.so
    session     sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so
    session     sufficient    /lib/security/$ISA/pam_winbind.so use_first_pass

### Key Points Learned

The addition of UNIX/Linux Samba servers and clients is a common requirement. In this chapter, you learned how to integrate such servers so that the UID/GID mappings they use can be consistent across all domain member servers. You also discovered how to implement the ability to use Samba or Windows domain account credentials to log on to a UNIX/Linux client.

The following are key points made in this chapter:

- Domain controllers are always authoritative for the domain.

- Domain members may have local accounts and must be able to resolve the identity of domain user accounts. Domain user account identity must map to a local UID/GID. That local UID/GID can be stored in LDAP. This way, it is possible to share the IDMAP data across all domain member machines.

- Resolution of user and group identities on domain member machines may be implemented using direct LDAP services or using winbind.

- On NSS/PAM enabled UNIX/Linux systems, NSS is responsible for identity management and PAM is responsible for authentication of logon credentials (username and password).

## Questions and Answers

The following questions were obtained from the mailing list and also from private discussions with Windows network administrators.

We use NIS for all UNIX accounts. Why do we need winbind?
Our IT management people do not like LDAP but are looking at Microsoft Active Directory. Which is better?
We want to implement a Samba PDC, four Samba BDCs, and 10 Samba servers. Is it possible to use NIS in place of LDAP?
Are you suggesting that users should not log on to a domain member server? If so, why?
We want to ensure that only users from our own domain plus from trusted domains can use our Samba servers. In the smb.conf file on all servers, we have enabled the winbind trusted domains only parameter. We now find that users from trusted domains cannot access our servers, and users from Windows clients that are not domain members can also access our servers. Is this a Samba bug?
What are the benefits of using LDAP for my domain member servers?
Is proper DNS operation necessary for Samba-3 plus LDAP? If so, what must I put into my DNS configuration?
Our Windows 2003 Server Active Directory domain runs with NetBIOS disabled. Can we use Samba-3 with that configuration?
When I tried to execute net ads join, I got no output. It did not work, so I think that it failed. I then executed net rpc join and that worked fine. That is okay, isn't it?

| We use NIS for all UNIX accounts. Why do we need winbind?

You can use NIS for your UNIX accounts. NIS does not store the Windows encrypted passwords that need to be stored in one of the acceptable passdb backends. Your choice of backend is limited to `smbpasswd` or `tdbsam`. Winbind is needed to handle the resolution of SIDs from trusted domains to local UID/GID values.

On a domain member server, you effectively map Windows domain users to local users that are in your NIS database by specifying the `winbind trusted domains only`. This causes user and group account lookups to be routed via the `getpwnam()` family of systems calls. On an NIS-enabled client, this pushes the resolution of users and groups out through NIS.

As a general rule, it is always a good idea to run winbind on all Samba servers.

| Our IT management people do not like LDAP but are looking at Microsoft Active Directory. Which is better?

Microsoft Active Directory is an LDAP server that is intricately tied to a Kerberos infrastructure. Most IT managers who object to LDAP do so because an LDAP server is most often supplied as a raw tool that needs to be configured and for which the administrator must create the schema, create the administration tools, and devise the backup and recovery facilities in a site-dependent manner. LDAP servers in general are seen as a high-energy, high-risk facility.

Microsoft Active Directory by comparison is easy to install and configure and is supplied with all tools necessary to implement and manage the directory. For sites that lack a lot of technical competence, Active Directory is a good choice. For sites that have the technical competence to handle Active Directory well, LDAP is a good alternative. The real issue is, What type of solution does the site want? If management wants a choice to use an alternative, they may want to consider the options. On the other hand, if management just wants a solution that works, Microsoft Active Directory is a good solution.

| We want to implement a Samba PDC, four Samba BDCs, and 10 Samba servers. Is it possible to use NIS in place of LDAP?

Yes, it is possible to use NIS in place of LDAP, but there may be problems with keeping the Windows (SMB) encrypted passwords database correctly synchronized across the entire network. Workstations (Windows client machines) periodically change their domain membership secure account password. How can you keep changes that are on remote BDCs synchronized on the PDC?

LDAP is a more elegant solution because it permits centralized storage and management of all network identities (user, group, and machine accounts) together with all information Samba needs to provide to network clients and their users.

| Are you suggesting that users should not log on to a domain member server? If so, why?

Many UNIX administrators mock the model that the personal computer industry has adopted as normative since the early days of Novell NetWare. The old perception of the necessity to keep users off file and print servers was a result of fears concerning the security and integrity of data. It was a simple and generally effective measure to keep users away from servers, except through mapped drives.

UNIX administrators are fully correct in asserting that UNIX servers and workstations are identical in terms of the software that is installed. They correctly assert that in a well-secured environment it is safe to store files on a system that has hundreds of users. But all network administrators must factor into the decision to allow or reject general user logins to a UNIX system that is principally a file and print server the risk to operations through simple user errors. Only then can one begin to appraise the best strategy and adopt a site-specific policy that best protects the needs of users and of the organization alike.

From experience, it is my recommendation to keep general system-level logins to a practical minimum and to eliminate them if possible. This should not be taken as a hard rule, though. The better question is, what works best for the site?

| We want to ensure that only users from our own domain plus from trusted domains can use our Samba servers. In the `smb.conf` file on all servers, we have enabled the `winbind trusted domains only` parameter. We now find that users from trusted domains cannot access our servers, and users from Windows clients that are not domain members can also access our servers. Is this a Samba bug?

The manual page for this `winbind trusted domains only` parameter says, “This parameter is designed to allow Samba servers that are members of a Samba-controlled domain to use UNIX accounts distributed vi NIS, rsync, or LDAP as the UIDs for winbindd users in the hosts primary domain. Therefore, the user `SAMBA\user1` would be mapped to the account `user1` in `/etc/passwd` instead of allocating a new UID for him or her.” This clearly suggests that you are trying to use this parameter inappropriately.

A far better solution is to use the `valid users` by specifying precisely the domain users and groups that should be permitted access to the shares. You could, for example, set the following parameters:

    [demoshare]
    	path = /export/demodata
    	valid users = @"Domain Users", @"OTHERDOMAIN\Domain Users"

| What are the benefits of using LDAP for my domain member servers?

The key benefit of using LDAP is that the UID of all users and the GID of all groups are globally consistent on domain controllers as well as on domain member servers. This means that it is possible to copy/replicate files across servers without loss of identity.

When use is made of account identity resolution via winbind, even when an IDMAP backend is stored in LDAP, the UID/GID on domain member servers is consistent, but differs from the ID that the user/group has on domain controllers. The winbind allocated UID/GID that is stored in LDAP (or locally) will be in the numeric range specified in the `idmap uid/gid` in the `smb.conf` file. On domain controllers, the UID/GID is that of the POSIX value assigned in the LDAP directory as part of the POSIX account information.

| Is proper DNS operation necessary for Samba-3 plus LDAP? If so, what must I put into my DNS configuration?

Samba depends on correctly functioning resolution of hostnames to their IP address. Samba makes no direct DNS lookup calls, but rather redirects all name-to-address calls via the `getXXXbyXXX()` function calls. The configuration of the `hosts` entry in the NSS `/etc/nsswitch.conf` file determines how the underlying resolution process is implemented. If the `hosts` entry in your NSS control file says:

    hosts: files dns wins

this means that a hostname lookup first tries the `/etc/hosts`. If this fails to resolve, it attempts a DNS lookup, and if that fails, it tries a WINS lookup.

The addition of the WINS-based name lookup makes sense only if NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been enabled on all Windows clients. Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been disabled, DNS is the preferred name resolution technology. This usually makes most sense when Samba is a client of an Active Directory domain, where NetBIOS use has been disabled. In this case, the Windows 200x autoregisters all locator records it needs with its own DNS server or servers.

| Our Windows 2003 Server Active Directory domain runs with NetBIOS disabled. Can we use Samba-3 with that configuration?
| Yes.
| When I tried to execute net ads join, I got no output. It did not work, so I think that it failed. I then executed net rpc join and that worked fine. That is okay, isn't it?
| No. This is not okay. It means that your Samba-3 client has joined the ADS domain as a Windows NT4 client, and Samba-3 will not be using Kerberos-based authentication.

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