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8 PEP 343: The 'with' statement

The '`with`' statement clarifies code that previously would use `try...finally` blocks to ensure that clean-up code is executed. In this section, I'll discuss the statement as it will commonly be used. In the next section, I'll examine the implementation details and show how to write objects for use with this statement.

The '`with`' statement is a new control-flow structure whose basic structure is:

    with expression [as variable]:
        with-block

The expression is evaluated, and it should result in an object that supports the context management protocol (that is, has `__enter__()` and `__exit__()` methods.

The object's `__enter__()` is called before with-block is executed and therefore can run set-up code. It also may return a value that is bound to the name variable, if given. (Note carefully that variable is not assigned the result of expression.)

After execution of the with-block is finished, the object's `__exit__()` method is called, even if the block raised an exception, and can therefore run clean-up code.

To enable the statement in Python 2.5, you need to add the following directive to your module:

    from __future__ import with_statement

The statement will always be enabled in Python 2.6.

Some standard Python objects now support the context management protocol and can be used with the '`with`' statement. File objects are one example:

    with open('/etc/passwd', 'r') as f:
        for line in f:
            print line
            ... more processing code ...

After this statement has executed, the file object in f will have been automatically closed, even if the `for` loop raised an exception part-way through the block.

Note: In this case, f is the same object created by `open()`, because `file.__enter__()` returns self.

The `threading` module's locks and condition variables also support the '`with`' statement:

    lock = threading.Lock()
    with lock:
        # Critical section of code
        ...

The lock is acquired before the block is executed and always released once the block is complete.

The new `localcontext()` function in the `decimal` module makes it easy to save and restore the current decimal context, which encapsulates the desired precision and rounding characteristics for computations:

    from decimal import Decimal, Context, localcontext

    # Displays with default precision of 28 digits
    v = Decimal('578')
    print v.sqrt()

    with localcontext(Context(prec=16)):
        # All code in this block uses a precision of 16 digits.
        # The original context is restored on exiting the block.
        print v.sqrt()

##
8.1 Writing Context Managers

Under the hood, the '`with`' statement is fairly complicated. Most people will only use '`with`' in company with existing objects and don't need to know these details, so you can skip the rest of this section if you like. Authors of new objects will need to understand the details of the underlying implementation and should keep reading.

A high-level explanation of the context management protocol is:

- The expression is evaluated and should result in an object called a ``context manager''. The context manager must have `__enter__()` and `__exit__()` methods.

- The context manager's `__enter__()` method is called. The value returned is assigned to VAR. If no `'as VAR'` clause is present, the value is simply discarded.

- The code in BLOCK is executed.

- If BLOCK raises an exception, the `__exit__(type, value, traceback)` is called with the exception details, the same values returned by `sys.exc_info()`. The method's return value controls whether the exception is re-raised: any false value re-raises the exception, and `True` will result in suppressing it. You'll only rarely want to suppress the exception, because if you do the author of the code containing the '`with`' statement will never realize anything went wrong.

- If BLOCK didn't raise an exception, the `__exit__()` method is still called, but type, value, and traceback are all `None`.

Let's think through an example. I won't present detailed code but will only sketch the methods necessary for a database that supports transactions.

(For people unfamiliar with database terminology: a set of changes to the database are grouped into a transaction. Transactions can be either committed, meaning that all the changes are written into the database, or rolled back, meaning that the changes are all discarded and the database is unchanged. See any database textbook for more information.)

Let's assume there's an object representing a database connection. Our goal will be to let the user write code like this:

    db_connection = DatabaseConnection()
    with db_connection as cursor:
        cursor.execute('insert into ...')
        cursor.execute('delete from ...')
        # ... more operations ...

The transaction should be committed if the code in the block runs flawlessly or rolled back if there's an exception. Here's the basic interface for `DatabaseConnection` that I'll assume:

    class DatabaseConnection:
        # Database interface
        def cursor (self):
            "Returns a cursor object and starts a new transaction"
        def commit (self):
            "Commits current transaction"
        def rollback (self):
            "Rolls back current transaction"

The `__enter__()` method is pretty easy, having only to start a new transaction. For this application the resulting cursor object would be a useful result, so the method will return it. The user can then add `as cursor` to their '`with`' statement to bind the cursor to a variable name.

    class DatabaseConnection:
        ...
        def __enter__ (self):
            # Code to start a new transaction
            cursor = self.cursor()
            return cursor

The `__exit__()` method is the most complicated because it's where most of the work has to be done. The method has to check if an exception occurred. If there was no exception, the transaction is committed. The transaction is rolled back if there was an exception.

In the code below, execution will just fall off the end of the function, returning the default value of `None`. `None` is false, so the exception will be re-raised automatically. If you wished, you could be more explicit and add a `return` statement at the marked location.

    class DatabaseConnection:
        ...
        def __exit__ (self, type, value, tb):
            if tb is None:
                # No exception, so commit
                self.commit()
            else:
                # Exception occurred, so rollback.
                self.rollback()
                # return False

##
8.2 The contextlib module

The new `contextlib` module provides some functions and a decorator that are useful for writing objects for use with the '`with`' statement.

The decorator is called `contextmanager`, and lets you write a single generator function instead of defining a new class. The generator should yield exactly one value. The code up to the `yield` will be executed as the `__enter__()` method, and the value yielded will be the method's return value that will get bound to the variable in the '`with`' statement's `as` clause, if any. The code after the `yield` will be executed in the `__exit__()` method. Any exception raised in the block will be raised by the `yield` statement.

Our database example from the previous section could be written using this decorator as:

    from contextlib import contextmanager

    @contextmanager
    def db_transaction (connection):
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        try:
            yield cursor
        except:
            connection.rollback()
            raise
        else:
            connection.commit()

    db = DatabaseConnection()
    with db_transaction(db) as cursor:
        ...

The `contextlib` module also has a `nested(mgr1, mgr2, ...)` function that combines a number of context managers so you don't need to write nested '`with`' statements. In this example, the single '`with`' statement both starts a database transaction and acquires a thread lock:

    lock = threading.Lock()
    with nested (db_transaction(db), lock) as (cursor, locked):
        ...

Finally, the `closing(object)` function returns object so that it can be bound to a variable, and calls `object.close()` at the end of the block.

    import urllib, sys
    from contextlib import closing

    with closing(urllib.urlopen('http://www.yahoo.com')) as f:
        for line in f:
            sys.stdout.write(line)

See Also:

PEP 343, The ``with'' statement
  PEP written by Guido van Rossum and Nick Coghlan; implemented by Mike Bland, Guido van Rossum, and Neal Norwitz. The PEP shows the code generated for a '`with`' statement, which can be helpful in learning how the statement works.

../lib/module-contextlib.html
  The documentation for the `contextlib` module.