2 Installing MySQL
******************

* Menu:

* General Installation Issues::  General Installation Issues
* Quick Standard Installation::  Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution
* Windows installation::        Installing MySQL on Windows
* Linux-RPM::                   Installing MySQL on Linux
* Mac OS X installation::       Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
* NetWare installation::        Installing MySQL on NetWare
* Installing binary::           Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems
* Installing source::           MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution
* Post-installation::           Post-Installation Setup and Testing
* Upgrade::                     Upgrading MySQL
* Downgrading::                 Downgrading MySQL
* Operating System Specific Notes::  Operating System-Specific Notes
* Perl support::                Perl Installation Notes

This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL:

  1. *Determine whether your platform is supported.*  Please note that
     not all supported systems are equally good for running MySQL on
     them.  On some it is much more robust and efficient than others.
     See *Note Which OS:: for details.

  2. *Choose which distribution to install.*  Several versions of MySQL
     are available, and most are available in several distribution
     formats.  You can choose from pre-packaged distributions
     containing binary (precompiled) programs or source code.  When in
     doubt, use a binary distribution.  We also provide public access
     to our current source tree for those who want to see our most
     recent developments and help us test new code.  To determine which
     version and type of distribution you should use, see *Note Which
     version::.

  3. *Download the distribution that you want to install.* For a list
     of sites from which you can obtain MySQL, see *Note Getting MySQL:
     Getting MySQL.  You can verify the integrity of the distribution
     using the instructions in *Note Verifying Package Integrity::.

  4. *Install the distribution.*  To install MySQL from a binary
     distribution, use the instructions in *Note Quick Standard
     Installation::.  To install MySQL from a source distribution or
     from the current development source tree, use the instructions in
     *Note Installing source::.

     *Note*: If you plan to upgrade an existing version of MySQL to a
     newer version rather than installing MySQL for the first time, see
     *Note Upgrade:: for information about upgrade procedures and about
     issues that you should consider before upgrading.

     If you encounter installation difficulties, see *Note Operating
     System Specific Notes:: for information on solving problems for
     particular platforms.

  5. *Perform any necessary post-installation setup.* After installing
     MySQL, read *Note Post-installation::.  This section contains
     important information about making sure the MySQL server is
     working properly. It also describes how to secure the initial
     MySQL user accounts, _which have no passwords_ until you assign
     passwords.  The section applies whether you install MySQL using a
     binary or source distribution.

  6. If you want to run the MySQL benchmark scripts, Perl support for
     MySQL must be available.  *Note Perl support::.



2.1 General Installation Issues
===============================

Before installing MySQL, you should do the following:

  1. Determine whether or not MySQL runs on your platform.

  2. Choose a distribution to install.

  3. Download the distribution and verify its integrity.


This section contains the information necessary to carry out these
steps.  After doing so, you can use the instructions in later sections
of the chapter to install the distribution that you choose.

* Menu:

* Which OS::                    Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
* Which version::               Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
* Getting MySQL::               How to Get MySQL
* Verifying Package Integrity::   Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or `GnuPG'
* Installation layouts::        Installation Layouts


2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
------------------------------------------

This section lists the operating systems on which you can expect to be
able to run MySQL.

We use GNU Autoconf, so it is possible to port MySQL to all modern
systems that have a C++ compiler and a working implementation of POSIX
threads.  (Thread support is needed for the server. To compile only the
client code, the only requirement is a C++ compiler.) We use and
develop the software ourselves primarily on Linux (SuSE and Red Hat),
FreeBSD, and Sun Solaris (Versions 8 and 9).

MySQL has been reported to compile successfully on the following
combinations of operating system and thread package.  Note that for many
operating systems, native thread support works only in the latest
versions.

   * AIX 4.x, 5.x with native threads.  *Note IBM-AIX::.

   * Amiga.

   * BSDI 2.x with the MIT-pthreads package.  *Note BSDI::.

   * BSDI 3.0, 3.1 and 4.x with native threads.  *Note BSDI::.

   * Digital Unix 4.x with native threads.  *Note Alpha-DEC-UNIX::.

   * FreeBSD 2.x with the MIT-pthreads package.  *Note FreeBSD::.

   * FreeBSD 3.x and 4.x with native threads.  *Note FreeBSD::.

   * FreeBSD 4.x with LinuxThreads.  *Note FreeBSD::.

   * HP-UX 10.20 with the DCE threads or the MIT-pthreads package.
     *Note HP-UX 10.20::.

   * HP-UX 11.x with the native threads.  *Note HP-UX 11.x::.

   * Linux 2.0+ with LinuxThreads 0.7.1+ or `glibc' 2.0.7+ for various
     CPU architectures.  *Note Linux::.

   * Mac OS X.  *Note Mac OS X::.

   * NetBSD 1.3/1.4 Intel and NetBSD 1.3 Alpha (requires GNU make).
     *Note NetBSD::.

   * Novell NetWare 6.0.  *Note NetWare installation::.

   * OpenBSD > 2.5 with native threads. OpenBSD < 2.5 with the
     MIT-pthreads package.  *Note OpenBSD::.

   * OS/2 Warp 3, FixPack 29 and OS/2 Warp 4, FixPack 4.  *Note OS/2::.

   * SCO OpenServer with a recent port of the FSU Pthreads package.
     *Note SCO::.

   * SCO UnixWare 7.1.x.  *Note SCO UnixWare::.

   * SGI Irix 6.x with native threads.  *Note SGI-Irix::.

   * Solaris 2.5 and above with native threads on SPARC and x86.  *Note
     Solaris::.

   * SunOS 4.x with the MIT-pthreads package.  *Note Solaris::.

   * Tru64 Unix.  *Note Alpha-DEC-UNIX::.

   * Windows 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, and 2003.  *Note Windows
     installation::.

Not all platforms are equally well-suited for running MySQL. How well a
certain platform is suited for a high-load mission-critical MySQL
server is determined by the following factors:

   * General stability of the thread library. A platform may have an
     excellent reputation otherwise, but MySQL will be only as stable
     as the thread library if that library is unstable in the code that
     is called by MySQL, even if everything else is perfect.

   * The capability of the kernel and the thread library to take
     advantage of symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems. In other
     words, when a process creates a thread, it should be possible for
     that thread to run on a different CPU than the original process.

   * The capability of the kernel and the thread library to run many
     threads that acquire and release a mutex over a short critical
     region frequently without excessive context switches. If the
     implementation of `pthread_mutex_lock()' is too anxious to yield
     CPU time, this will hurt MySQL tremendously. If this issue is not
     taken care of, adding extra CPUs will actually make MySQL slower.

   * General filesystem stability and performance.

   * If your tables are big, the ability of the filesystem to deal with
     large files at all and to deal with them efficiently.

   * Our level of expertise here at MySQL AB with the platform. If we
     know a platform well, we enable platform-specific optimizations
     and fixes at compile time. We can also provide advice on
     configuring your system optimally for MySQL.

   * The amount of testing we have done internally for similar
     configurations.

   * The number of users that have successfully run MySQL on the
     platform in similar configurations. If this number is high, the
     chances of encountering platform-specific surprises are much
     smaller.

Based on the preceding criteria, the best platforms for running MySQL
at this point are x86 with SuSE Linux using a 2.4 kernel, and ReiserFS
(or any similar Linux distribution) and SPARC with Solaris (2.7-9).
FreeBSD comes third, but we really hope it will join the top club once
the thread library is improved. We also hope that at some point we will
be able to include into the top category all other platforms on which
MySQL currently compiles and runs okay, but not quite with the same
level of stability and performance.  This will require some effort on
our part in cooperation with the developers of the operating system and
library components that MySQL depends on. If you are interested in
improving one of those components, are in a position to influence its
development, and need more detailed instructions on what MySQL needs to
run better, send an email message to the MySQL `internals' mailing list.
*Note Mailing-list::.

Please note that the purpose of the preceding comparison is not to say
that one operating system is better or worse than another in general.
We are talking only about choosing an OS for the specific purpose of
running MySQL.  With this in mind, the result of this comparison would
be different if we considered more factors. In some cases, the reason
one OS is better than the other could simply be that we have been able
to put more effort into testing and optimizing for a particular
platform.  We are just stating our observations to help you decide
which platform to use for running MySQL.


2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
--------------------------------------------------

When preparing to install MySQL, you should decide which version to
use.  MySQL development occurs in several release series, and you can
pick the one that best fits your needs.  After deciding which version
to install, you can choose a distribution format.  Releases are
available in binary or source format.

* Menu:

* Choosing version::            Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install
* Choosing distribution format::  Choosing a Distribution Format
* Many versions::               How and When Updates Are Released
* Release philosophy::          Release Philosophy---No Known Bugs in Releases
* MySQL binaries::              MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB


2.1.2.1 Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install
..................................................

The first decision to make is whether you want to use a production
(stable) release or a development release.  In the MySQL development
process, multiple release series co-exist, each at a different stage of
maturity:

   * MySQL 5.0 is the newest development release series and is under
     very active development for new features. Alpha releases have been
     issued to allow more widespread testing.

   * MySQL 4.1 is the current stable (production-quality) release
     series.  New releases are issued for bugfixes. No new features are
     added that could diminish the code stability.

   * MySQL 4.0 is the previous stable (production-quality) release
     series.  New releases are issued for bugfixes. No new features are
     added that could diminish the code stability.

   * MySQL 3.23 is the old stable (production-quality) release series.
     This series is retired, so new releases are issued only to fix
     critical bugs.


We don't believe in a complete freeze, as this also leaves out bugfixes
and things that "must be done."  "Somewhat frozen" means that we may add
small things that "almost surely will not affect anything that's already
working." Naturally, relevant bugfixes from an earlier series propagate
to later series.

Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first time or trying
to port it to some system for which there is no binary distribution, we
recommend going with the production release series. Currently this is
MySQL 4.1.  All MySQL releases, even those from development series, are
checked with the MySQL benchmarks and an extensive test suite before
being issued.

If you are running an old system and want to upgrade, but don't want to
take the chance of having a non-seamless upgrade, you should upgrade to
the latest version in the same release series you are using (where only
the last part of the version number is newer than yours).  We have tried
to fix only fatal bugs and make small, relatively safe changes to that
version.

If you want to use new features not present in the production release
series, you can use a version from a development series. Note that
development releases are not as stable as production releases.

If you want to use the very latest sources containing all current
patches and bugfixes, you can use one of our BitKeeper repositories.
These are not "releases" as such, but are available as previews of the
code on which future releases will be based.

The MySQL naming scheme uses release names that consist of three
numbers and a suffix; for example, `mysql-4.1.2-alpha'.  The numbers
within the release name are interpreted like this:

   * The first number (`4') is the major version and also describes the
     file format.  All Version 4 releases have the same file format.

   * The second number (`1') is the release level.  Taken together, the
     major version and release level constitute the release series
     number.

   * The third number (`2') is the version number within the release
     series.  This is incremented for each new release.  Usually you
     want the latest version for the series you have chosen.


For each minor update, the last number in the version string is
incremented.  When there are major new features or minor
incompatibilities with previous versions, the second number in the
version string is incremented.  When the file format changes, the first
number is increased.

Release names also include a suffix to indicates the stability level of
the release.  Releases within a series progress through a set of
suffixes to indicate how the stability level improves.  The possible
suffixes are:

   * `alpha' indicates that the release contains some large section of
     new code that hasn't been 100% tested.  Known bugs (usually there
     are none) should be documented in the News section.  *Note News::.
     There are also new commands and extensions in most alpha
     releases.  Active development that may involve major code changes
     can occur in an alpha release, but everything will be tested
     before issuing a release.  For this reason, there should be no
     known bugs in any MySQL release.

   * `beta' means that all new code has been tested.  No major new
     features that could cause corruption in old code are added.  There
     should be no known bugs.  A version changes from alpha to beta
     when there haven't been any reported fatal bugs within an alpha
     version for at least a month and we have no plans to add any
     features that could make any old command unreliable.

   * `gamma' is a beta that has been around a while and seems to work
     fine.  Only minor fixes are added.  This is what many other
     companies call a release.

   * If there is no suffix, it means that the version has been run for a
     while at many different sites with no reports of bugs other than
     platform-specific bugs.  Only critical bugfixes are applied to the
     release. This is what we call a production (stable) or `General
     Availability' (GA) release.

MySQL uses a naming scheme that is slightly different from most other
products.  In general, it's relatively safe to use any version that has
been out for a couple of weeks without being replaced with a new
version within the release series.

All releases of MySQL are run through our standard tests and benchmarks
to ensure that they are relatively safe to use.  Because the standard
tests are extended over time to check for all previously found bugs,
the test suite keeps getting better.

All releases have been tested at least with:

An internal test suite
     The `mysql-test' directory contains an extensive set of test cases.
     We run these tests for virtually every server binary.  See *Note
     MySQL test suite:: for more information about this test suite.

The MySQL benchmark suite
     This suite runs a range of common queries.  It is also a test to
     see whether the latest batch of optimizations actually made the
     code faster.  *Note MySQL Benchmarks::.

The `crash-me' test
     This test tries to determine what features the database supports
     and what its capabilities and limitations are.  *Note MySQL
     Benchmarks::.

Another test is that we use the newest MySQL version in our internal
production environment, on at least one machine.  We have more than
100GB of data to work with.


2.1.2.2 Choosing a Distribution Format
......................................

After choosing which version of MySQL to install, you should decide
whether to use a binary distribution or a source distribution.  In most
cases, you should probably use a binary distribution, if one exists for
your platform. Binary distributions are available in native format for
many platforms, such as RPM files for Linux or DMG package installers
for Mac OS X. Distributions also are available as Zip archives or
compressed `tar' files.

Reasons to choose a binary distribution include the following:

   * Binary distributions generally are easier to install than source
     distributions.

   * To satisfy different user requirements, we provide two different
     binary versions: one compiled with the non-transactional storage
     engines (a small, fast binary), and one configured with the most
     important extended options like transaction-safe tables.  Both
     versions are compiled from the same source distribution.  All
     native MySQL clients can connect to servers from either MySQL
     version.

     The extended MySQL binary distribution is marked with the `-max'
     suffix and is configured with the same options as `mysqld-max'.
     *Note `mysqld-max': mysqld-max.

     If you want to use the `MySQL-Max' RPM, you must first install the
     standard `MySQL-server' RPM.


Under some circumstances, you probably will be better off installing
MySQL from a source distribution:

   * You want to install MySQL at some explicit location.  The standard
     binary distributions are "ready to run" at any place, but you may
     want to have even more flexibility to place MySQL components where
     you want.

   * You want to configure `mysqld' with some extra features that are
     not included in the standard binary distributions.  Here is a list
     of the most common extra options that you may want to use:

        * `--with-innodb' (default for MySQL 4.0 and up)

        * `--with-berkeley-db' (not available on all platforms)

        * `--with-raid'

        * `--with-libwrap'

        * `--with-named-z-libs' (this is done for some of the binaries)

        * `--with-debug[=FULL]'

   * You want to configure `mysqld' without some features that are
     included in the standard binary distributions. For example,
     distributions normally are compiled with support for all character
     sets. If you want a smaller MySQL server, you can recompile it
     with support for only the character sets you need.

   * You have a special compiler (such as `pgcc') or want to use
     compiler options that are better optimized for your processor.
     Binary distributions are compiled with options that should work on
     a variety of processors from the same processor family.

   * You want to use the latest sources from one of the BitKeeper
     repositories to have access to all current bugfixes. For example,
     if you have found a bug and reported it to the MySQL development
     team, the bugfix will be committed to the source repository and you
     can access it there.  The bugfix will not appear in a release until
     a release actually is issued.

   * You want to read (or modify) the C and C++ code that makes up
     MySQL. For this purpose, you should get a source distribution,
     because the source code is always the ultimate manual.

   * Source distributions contain more tests and examples than binary
     distributions.



2.1.2.3 How and When Updates Are Released
.........................................

MySQL is evolving quite rapidly here at MySQL AB and we want to share
new developments with other MySQL users.  We try to make a release when
we have very useful features that others seem to have a need for.

We also try to help out users who request features that are easy to
implement.  We take note of what our licensed users want to have, and
we especially take note of what our support customers want and try to
help them out.

No one has to download a new release.  The News section will tell you if
the new release has something you really want.  *Note News::.

We use the following policy when updating MySQL:

   * Releases are issued within each series. For each release, the last
     number in the version is one more than the previous release within
     the same series.

   * Production (stable) releases are meant to appear about 1-2 times a
     year.  However, if small bugs are found, a release with only
     bugfixes will be issued.

   * Working releases/bugfixes to old releases are meant to appear about
     every 4-8 weeks.

   * Binary distributions for some platforms are made by us for major
     releases.  Other people may make binary distributions for other
     systems, but probably less frequently.

   * We make fixes available as soon as we have identified and corrected
     small or non-critical but annoying bugs. The fixes are available
     immediately from our public BitKeeper repositories, and will be
     included in the next release.

   * If by any chance a fatal bug is found in a release, we will make a
     new release as soon as possible.  (We would like other companies
     to do this, too!)


2.1.2.4 Release Philosophy--No Known Bugs in Releases
.....................................................

We put a lot of time and effort into making our releases bug-free.  To
our knowledge, we have not released a single MySQL version with any
_known_ "fatal" repeatable bugs.  (A "fatal" bug is something that
crashes MySQL under normal usage, produces incorrect answers for normal
queries, or has a security problem.)

We have documented all open problems, bugs, and issues that are
dependent on design decisions.  *Note Bugs::.

Our aim is to fix everything that is fixable without risk of making a
stable MySQL version less stable. In certain cases, this means we can
fix an issue in the development versions, but not in the stable
(production) version. Naturally, we document such issues so that users
are aware of them.

Here is a description of how our build process works:
   * We monitor bugs from our customer support list, the bugs database
     at `http://bugs.mysql.com/', and the MySQL external mailing lists.

   * All reported bugs for live versions are entered into the bugs
     database.

   * When we fix a bug, we always try to make a test case for it and
     include it into our test system to ensure that the bug will never
     recur without being detected. (About 90% of all fixed bugs have a
     test case.)

   * We create test cases for all new features we add to MySQL.

   * Before we start to build a new MySQL release, we ensure that all
     reported repeatable bugs for the MySQL version (3.23.x, 4.0.x, etc)
     are fixed.  If something is impossible to fix (due to some internal
     design decision in MySQL), we document this in the manual.  *Note
     Bugs::.

   * We do a build on all platforms for which we support binaries (15+
     platforms) and run our test suite and benchmark suite on all of
     them.

   * We will not publish a binary for a platform for which the test or
     benchmark suite fails.  If the problem is due to a general error
     in the source, we fix it and do the build plus tests on all
     systems again from scratch.

   * The build and test process takes 2-3 days.  If we receive a report
     regarding a fatal bug during this process (for example, one that
     causes a core dump), we fix the problem and restart the build
     process.

   * After publishing the binaries on `http://dev.mysql.com/', we send
     out an announcement message to the `mysql' and `announce' mailing
     lists.  *Note Mailing-list::.  The announcement message contains a
     list of all changes to the release and any known problems with the
     release.  The Known Problems section in the release notes has been
     needed for only a handful of releases.

   * To quickly give our users access to the latest MySQL features, we
     do a new MySQL release every 4-8 weeks.  Source code snapshots are
     built daily and are available at
     `http://downloads.mysql.com/snapshots.php'.

   * If, despite our best efforts, we get any bug reports after the
     release is done that there was something critically wrong with the
     build on a specific platform, we will fix it at once and build a
     new `'a'' release for that platform. Thanks to our large user
     base, problems are found quickly.

   * Our track record for making good releases is quite good.  In the
     last 150 releases, we had to do a new build for fewer than 10
     releases. In three of these cases, the bug was a faulty `glibc'
     library on one of our build machines that took us a long time to
     track down.


2.1.2.5 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
...........................................

As a service of MySQL AB, we provide a set of binary distributions of
MySQL that are compiled on systems at our site or on systems where
supporters of MySQL kindly have given us access to their machines.

In addition to the binaries provided in platform-specific package
formats, we offer binary distributions for a number of platforms in the
form of compressed `tar' files (`.tar.gz' files).  *Note Quick Standard
Installation::.

For Windows distributions, see *Note Windows installation::.

These distributions are generated using the script
`Build-tools/Do-compile', which compiles the source code and creates
the binary `tar.gz' archive using `scripts/make_binary_distribution'.

These binaries are configured and built with the following compilers and
options. This information can also be obtained by looking at the
variables `COMP_ENV_INFO' and `CONFIGURE_LINE' inside the script
`bin/mysqlbug' of every binary `tar' file distribution.

The following binaries are built on MySQL AB development systems:

Linux 2.4.xx x86 with `gcc' 2.95.3:
     `CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2
     -mcpu=pentiumpro -felide-constructors" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --enable-assembler --disable-shared
     --with-client-ldflags=-all-static
     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static'

Linux 2.4.x x86 with `icc' (Intel C++ Compiler 8.0):
     `CC=icc CXX=icc CFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict"
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -unroll2 -ip -mp -no-gcc -restrict" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --enable-assembler --disable-shared
     --with-client-ldflags=-all-static
     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --with-embedded-server
     --with-innodb'

Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium 2 with `ecc' (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):
     `CC=ecc CFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS="-O2
     -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile'

Linux 2.4.xx Intel Itanium with `ecc' (Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0):
     `CC=ecc CFLAGS=-tpp1 CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS=-tpp1 ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile'

Linux 2.4.xx alpha with `ccc' (Compaq C V6.2-505 / Compaq C++ V6.3-006):
     `CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch
     generic -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared
     --with-client-ldflags=-non_shared --disable-shared'

Linux 2.x.xx ppc with `gcc' 2.95.4:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb'

Linux 2.4.xx s390 with `gcc' 2.95.3:
     `CFLAGS="-O2" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -felide-constructors"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
     --with-client-ldflags=-all-static
     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static'

Linux 2.4.xx x86_64 (AMD64) with `gcc' 3.2.1:
     `CXX=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile  --disable-shared'

Sun Solaris 8 x86 with `gcc' 3.2.3:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --disable-shared --with-innodb'

Sun Solaris 8 SPARC with `gcc' 3.2:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no
     --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared'

Sun Solaris 8 SPARC 64-bit with `gcc' 3.2:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors
     -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
     --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared'

Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with `gcc' 2.95.3:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler
     --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared'

Sun Solaris 9 SPARC with `cc-5.0' (Sun Forte 5.0):
     `CC=cc-5.0 CXX=CC ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" CFLAGS="-Xa -xstrconst -mt
     -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no
     --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared'

IBM AIX 4.3.2 ppc with `gcc' 3.2.3:
     `CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many " CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2
     -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many  -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared'

IBM AIX 4.3.3 ppc with `xlC_r' (IBM Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):
     `CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
     CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS ="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared --with-innodb'

IBM AIX 5.1.0 ppc with `gcc' 3.3:
     `CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2
     -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many  -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared'

IBM AIX 5.2.0 ppc with `xlC_r' (IBM Visual Age C/C++ 6.0):
     `CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
     CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared --with-embedded-server
     --with-innodb'

HP-UX 10.20 pa-risc1.1 with `gcc' 3.1:
     `CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc
     CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce /include -felide-constructors
     -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3 -fPIC" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile  --with-pthread
     --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce --with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC
     --disable-shared'

HP-UX 11.00 pa-risc with `aCC' (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.50):
     `CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DAportable CXXFLAGS=+DAportable ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
     --with-embedded-server --with-innodb'

HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 64bit with `aCC' (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):
     `CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared'

HP-UX 11.11 pa-risc2.0 32bit with `aCC' (HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33):
     `CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DAportable" CXXFLAGS="+DAportable"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --disable-shared --with-innodb'

HP-UX 11.22 ia64 64bit with `aCC' (HP aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.05.50):
     `CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DD64 +DSitanium2" CXXFLAGS="+DD64
     +DSitanium2" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --disable-shared --with-embedded-server --with-innodb'

Apple Mac OS X 10.2 powerpc with `gcc' 3.1:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile  --disable-shared'

FreeBSD 4.7 i386 with `gcc' 2.95.4:
     `CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=not-used --disable-shared'

FreeBSD 4.7 i386 using LinuxThreads with `gcc' 2.95.4:
     `CFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT
     -D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads"
     CXXFLAGS="-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH -D__USE_UNIX98 -D_REENTRANT
     -D_THREAD_SAFE -I/usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler
     --with-named-thread-libs="-DHAVE_GLIBC2_STYLE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R
     -D_THREAD_SAFE -I /usr/local/include/pthread/linuxthreads
     -L/usr/local/lib -llthread -llgcc_r" --disable-shared
     --with-embedded-server --with-innodb'

QNX Neutrino 6.2.1 i386 with `gcc' 2.95.3qnx-nto 20010315:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile  --disable-shared'


The following binaries are built on third-party systems kindly provided
to MySQL AB by other users. These are provided only as a courtesy;
MySQL AB does not have full control over these systems, so we can
provide only limited support for the binaries built on them.

SCO Unix 3.2v5.0.6 i386 with `gcc' 2.95.3:
     `CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium" LDFLAGS=-static CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -mpentium -felide-constructors" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
     --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client
     --disable-shared'

SCO OpenUnix 8.0.0 i386 with `CC' 3.2:
     `CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no
     --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared'

Compaq Tru64 OSF/1 V5.1 732 alpha with `cc/cxx' (Compaq C V6.3-029i / DIGITAL C++ V6.1-027):
     `CC="cc -pthread" CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline
     speed -speculate all" CXX="cxx -pthread" CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias
     -fast -inline speed -speculate all -noexceptions -nortti"
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach
     -lexc -lc" --disable-shared --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static'

SGI Irix 6.5 IP32 with `gcc' 3.0.1:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile  --disable-shared'

FreeBSD/sparc64 5.0 with `gcc' 3.2.1:
     `CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data
     --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex
     --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
     --with-innodb'

The following compile options have been used for binary packages that
MySQL AB provided in the past. These binaries no longer are being
updated, but the compile options are listed here for reference purposes.

Linux 2.2.xx SPARC with `egcs' 1.1.2:
     `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions
     -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client
     --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared'

Linux 2.2.x with x686 with `gcc' 2.95.2:
     `CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro
     -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler
     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared
     --with-extra-charsets=complex'

SunOS 4.1.4 2 sun4c with `gcc' 2.7.2.1:
     `CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler'

SunOS 5.5.1 (and above) sun4u with `egcs' 1.0.3a or 2.90.27 or
     `gcc' 2.95.2 and newer: `CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3
     -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure
     --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory
     --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler'

SunOS 5.6 i86pc with `gcc' 2.8.1:
     `CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex'

BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386 with `gcc' 2.7.2.1:
     `CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex'

BSDI BSD/OS 2.1 i386 with `gcc' 2.7.2:
     `CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex'

AIX 4.2 with `gcc' 2.7.2.2:
     `CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     --with-extra-charsets=complex'

Anyone who has more optimal options for any of the preceding
configurations listed can always mail them to the MySQL `internals'
mailing list.  *Note Mailing-list::.

RPM distributions prior to MySQL 3.22 are user-contributed.  Beginning
with MySQL 3.22, RPM distributions are generated by MySQL AB.

If you want to compile a debug version of MySQL, you should add
`--with-debug' or `--with-debug=full' to the preceding `configure'
commands and remove any `-fomit-frame-pointer' options.


2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
----------------------

Check the MySQL downloads page (`http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/') for
information about the current version and for downloading instructions.
For a complete up-to-date list of MySQL download mirror sites, see
`http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html'.  There you will also
find information about becoming a MySQL mirror site and how to report a
bad or out-of-date mirror.

Our main mirror is located at `http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/mysql/'.


2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or `GnuPG'
----------------------------------------------------------------

After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your needs and
before you attempt to install it, you should make sure that it is
intact and has not been tampered with. MySQL AB offers three means of
integrity checking:

   * MD5 checksums

   * Cryptographic signatures using `GnuPG', the GNU Privacy Guard

   * For RPM packages, the built-in RPM integrity verification mechanism


The following sections describe how to use these methods.

If you notice that the MD5 checksum or GPG signatures do not match,
first try to download the respective package one more time, perhaps
from another mirror site. If you repeatedly cannot successfully verify
the integrity of the package, please notify us about such incidents,
including the full package name and the download site you have been
using, at <webmaster@mysql.com> or <build@mysql.com>.  Do not report
downloading problems using the bug-reporting system.

* Menu:

* Verifying MD5 Checksum::      Verifying the MD5 Checksum
* Checking GPG Signature::      Signature Checking Using `GnuPG'
* Checking RPM Signature::      Signature Checking Using `RPM'


2.1.4.1 Verifying the MD5 Checksum
..................................

After you have downloaded a MySQL package, you should make sure that
its MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the MySQL download pages.
Each package has an individual checksum that you can verify with the
following command, where `package_name' is the name of the package you
downloaded:

     shell> md5sum package_name

Example:
     shell> md5sum mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz
     60f5fe969d61c8f82e4f7f62657e1f06  mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz

You should verify that the resulting checksum (the string of hexadecimal
digits) matches the one displayed on the download page immediately
below the respective package.

Note that not all operating systems support the `md5sum' command. On
some, it is simply called `md5' and others do not ship it at all. On
Linux, it is part of the `GNU Text Utilities' package, which is
available for a wide range of platforms. You can download the source
code from `http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/' as well. If you have
`OpenSSL' installed, you can also use the command `openssl md5
package_name' instead. A DOS/Windows implementation of the `md5'
command is available from `http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/'.


2.1.4.2 Signature Checking Using `GnuPG'
........................................

Another method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of a package
is to use cryptographic signatures. This is more reliable than using MD5
checksums, but requires more work.

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.10 (February 2003), MySQL AB started signing
downloadable packages with `GnuPG' (`GNU Privacy Guard').  `GnuPG' is
an Open Source alternative to the very well-known `Pretty Good Privacy'
(`PGP') by Phil Zimmermann.  See `http://www.gnupg.org/' for more
information about `GnuPG' and how to obtain and install it on your
system. Most Linux distributions already ship with `GnuPG' installed by
default.  For more information about `OpenPGP', see
`http://www.openpgp.org/'.

To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need to
obtain a copy of MySQL AB's public GPG build key. You can download the
key from `http://www.keyserver.net/'.  The key that you want to obtain
is named `build@mysql.com'.  Alternatively, you can cut and paste the
key directly from the following text:

     Key ID:
     pub  1024D/5072E1F5 2003-02-03
          MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>
     Fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567  70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5

     Public Key (ASCII-armored):

     -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
     Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
     Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org

     mQGiBD4+owwRBAC14GIfUfCyEDSIePvEW3SAFUdJBtoQHH/nJKZyQT7h9bPlUWC3
     RODjQReyCITRrdwyrKUGku2FmeVGwn2u2WmDMNABLnpprWPkBdCk96+OmSLN9brZ
     fw2vOUgCmYv2hW0hyDHuvYlQA/BThQoADgj8AW6/0Lo7V1W9/8VuHP0gQwCgvzV3
     BqOxRznNCRCRxAuAuVztHRcEAJooQK1+iSiunZMYD1WufeXfshc57S/+yeJkegNW
     hxwR9pRWVArNYJdDRT+rf2RUe3vpquKNQU/hnEIUHJRQqYHo8gTxvxXNQc7fJYLV
     K2HtkrPbP72vwsEKMYhhr0eKCbtLGfls9krjJ6sBgACyP/Vb7hiPwxh6rDZ7ITnE
     kYpXBACmWpP8NJTkamEnPCia2ZoOHODANwpUkP43I7jsDmgtobZX9qnrAXw+uNDI
     QJEXM6FSbi0LLtZciNlYsafwAPEOMDKpMqAK6IyisNtPvaLd8lH0bPAnWqcyefep
     rv0sxxqUEMcM3o7wwgfN83POkDasDbs3pjwPhxvhz6//62zQJ7Q7TXlTUUwgUGFj
     a2FnZSBzaWduaW5nIGtleSAod3d3Lm15c3FsLmNvbSkgPGJ1aWxkQG15c3FsLmNv
     bT6IXQQTEQIAHQUCPj6jDAUJCWYBgAULBwoDBAMVAwIDFgIBAheAAAoJEIxxjTtQ
     cuH1cY4AnilUwTXn8MatQOiG0a/bPxrvK/gCAJ4oinSNZRYTnblChwFaazt7PF3q
     zIhMBBMRAgAMBQI+PqPRBYMJZgC7AAoJEElQ4SqycpHyJOEAn1mxHijft00bKXvu
     cSo/pECUmppiAJ41M9MRVj5VcdH/KN/KjRtW6tHFPYhMBBMRAgAMBQI+QoIDBYMJ
     YiKJAAoJELb1zU3GuiQ/lpEAoIhpp6BozKI8p6eaabzF5MlJH58pAKCu/ROofK8J
     Eg2aLos+5zEYrB/LsrkCDQQ+PqMdEAgA7+GJfxbMdY4wslPnjH9rF4N2qfWsEN/l
     xaZoJYc3a6M02WCnHl6ahT2/tBK2w1QI4YFteR47gCvtgb6O1JHffOo2HfLmRDRi
     Rjd1DTCHqeyX7CHhcghj/dNRlW2Z0l5QFEcmV9U0Vhp3aFfWC4Ujfs3LU+hkAWzE
     7zaD5cH9J7yv/6xuZVw411x0h4UqsTcWMu0iM1BzELqX1DY7LwoPEb/O9Rkbf4fm
     Le11EzIaCa4PqARXQZc4dhSinMt6K3X4BrRsKTfozBu74F47D8Ilbf5vSYHbuE5p
     /1oIDznkg/p8kW+3FxuWrycciqFTcNz215yyX39LXFnlLzKUb/F5GwADBQf+Lwqq
     a8CGrRfsOAJxim63CHfty5mUc5rUSnTslGYEIOCR1BeQauyPZbPDsDD9MZ1ZaSaf
     anFvwFG6Llx9xkU7tzq+vKLoWkm4u5xf3vn55VjnSd1aQ9eQnUcXiL4cnBGoTbOW
     I39EcyzgslzBdC++MPjcQTcA7p6JUVsP6oAB3FQWg54tuUo0Ec8bsM8b3Ev42Lmu
     QT5NdKHGwHsXTPtl0klk4bQk4OajHsiy1BMahpT27jWjJlMiJc+IWJ0mghkKHt92
     6s/ymfdf5HkdQ1cyvsz5tryVI3Fx78XeSYfQvuuwqp2H139pXGEkg0n6KdUOetdZ
     Whe70YGNPw1yjWJT1IhMBBgRAgAMBQI+PqMdBQkJZgGAAAoJEIxxjTtQcuH17p4A
     n3r1QpVC9yhnW2cSAjq+kr72GX0eAJ4295kl6NxYEuFApmr1+0uUq/SlsQ==
     =YJkx
     -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

You can import the build key into your personal public GPG keyring by
using `gpg --import'. For example, if you save the key in a file named
`mysql_pubkey.asc', the import command looks like this:

     shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc

See the GPG documentation for more information on how to work with
public keys.

After you have downloaded and imported the public build key, download
your desired MySQL package and the corresponding signature, which also
is available from the download page.  The signature file has the same
name as the distribution file with an `.asc' extension. For example:

Distribution file      `mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz'
Signature file         `mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc'

Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run
the following command to verify the signature for the distribution file:

     shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

Example:

     shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-4.0.17-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
     gpg: Warning: using insecure memory!
     gpg: Signature made Mon 03 Feb 2003 08:50:39 PM MET
     using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
     gpg: Good signature from
          "MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>"

The `Good signature' message indicates that everything is all right.
You can ignore the `insecure memory' warning.


2.1.4.3 Signature Checking Using `RPM'
......................................

For RPM packages, there is no separate signature. RPM packages have a
built-in GPG signature and MD5 checksum. You can verify a package by
running the following command:

     shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm

Example:

     shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm
     MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK

*Note*: If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about `(GPG) NOT OK
(MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5)', even though you have imported the MySQL
public build key into your own GPG keyring, you need to import the key
into the RPM keyring first. RPM 4.1 no longer uses your personal GPG
keyring (or GPG itself). Rather, it maintains its own keyring because
it is a system-wide application and a user's GPG public keyring is a
user-specific file. To import the MySQL public key into the RPM
keyring, first obtain the key as described in the previous section.
Then use `rpm --import' to import the key.  For example, if you have
the public key stored in a file named `mysql_pubkey.asc', import it
using this command:

     shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

If you need to obtain the MySQL public key, see *Note Checking GPG
Signature::.


2.1.5 Installation Layouts
--------------------------

This section describes the default layout of the directories created by
installing binary or source distributions provided by MySQL AB. If you
install a distribution provided by another vendor, some other layout
might be used.

On Windows, the default installation directory is `C:\mysql'. With
MySQL version 4.1.5 and higher, this has changed to `C:\Program
Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1', where 4.1 will be the major version of
the installation. The folder has the following subdirectories:

*Directory*               *Contents of Directory*
`bin'                     Client programs and the
                          `mysqld' server
`data'                    Log files, databases
`Docs'                    Documentation
`examples'                Example programs and scripts
`include'                 Include (header) files
`lib'                     Libraries
`scripts'                 Utility scripts
`share'                   Error message files

Installations created from Linux RPM distributions result in files under
the following system directories:

*Directory*               *Contents of Directory*
`/usr/bin'                Client programs and scripts
`/usr/sbin'               The `mysqld' server
`/var/lib/mysql'          Log files, databases
`/usr/share/doc/packages' Documentation
`/usr/include/mysql'      Include (header) files
`/usr/lib/mysql'          Libraries
`/usr/share/mysql'        Error message and character set
                          files
`/usr/share/sql-bench'    Benchmarks

On Unix, a `tar' file binary distribution is installed by unpacking it
at the installation location you choose (typically `/usr/local/mysql')
and creates the following directories in that location:

*Directory*               *Contents of Directory*
`bin'                     Client programs and the
                          `mysqld' server
`data'                    Log files, databases
`docs'                    Documentation, ChangeLog
`include'                 Include (header) files
`lib'                     Libraries
`scripts'                 `mysql_install_db'
`share/mysql'             Error message files
`sql-bench'               Benchmarks

A source distribution is installed after you configure and compile it.
By default, the installation step installs files under `/usr/local', in
the following subdirectories:

*Directory*               *Contents of Directory*
`bin'                     Client programs and scripts
`include/mysql'           Include (header) files
`info'                    Documentation in Info format
`lib/mysql'               Libraries
`libexec'                 The `mysqld' server
`share/mysql'             Error message files
`sql-bench'               Benchmarks and `crash-me' test
`var'                     Databases and log files

Within an installation directory, the layout of a source installation
differs from that of a binary installation in the following ways:

   * The `mysqld' server is installed in the `libexec' directory rather
     than in the `bin' directory.

   * The data directory is `var' rather than `data'.

   * `mysql_install_db' is installed in the `bin' directory rather than
     in the `scripts' directory.

   * The header file and library directories are `include/mysql' and
     `lib/mysql' rather than `include' and `lib'.

You can create your own binary installation from a compiled source
distribution by executing the `scripts/make_binary_distribution' script
from the top directory of the source distribution.


2.2 Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution
===========================================================

The next several sections cover the installation of MySQL on platforms
where we offer packages using the native packaging format of the
respective platform. (This is also known as performing a "binary
install.") However, binary distributions of MySQL are available for
many other platforms as well. See *Note Installing binary:: for generic
installation instructions for these packages that apply to all
platforms.

See *Note General Installation Issues:: for more information on what
other binary distributions are available and how to obtain them.


2.3 Installing MySQL on Windows
===============================

A native Windows version of MySQL has been available from MySQL AB since
version 3.21 and has grown in popularity until it now represents a
sizable percentage of the daily downloads of MySQL. This section
describes the process for installing MySQL on Windows.

With the release of MySQL 4.1.5, MySQL AB has introduced a new
installer for the Windows version of MySQL, combined with a new GUI
Configuration Wizard.  This combination automatically installs MySQL,
creates an option file, starts the server, and secures the default user
accounts.

If you have already installed a version of MySQL prior to version 4.1.5,
you must perform the following steps:

  1. Obtain and install the distribution.

  2. Set up an option file if necessary.

  3. Select the server that you want to use.

  4. Start the server.

  5. Assign passwords to the initial MySQL accounts.


This process also must be followed with newer MySQL installations where
the installation package does not include an installer.

MySQL for Windows is available in two distribution formats:

   * The binary distribution contains a setup program that installs
     everything you need so that you can start the server immediately.

   * The source distribution contains all the code and support files
     for building the executables using the VC++ 6.0 compiler.


Generally speaking, you should use the binary distribution. It's
simpler, and you need no additional tools to get MySQL up and running.

This section describes how to install MySQL on Windows using a binary
distribution.  To install using a source distribution, see *Note
Windows source build::.

* Menu:

* Windows system requirements::  Windows System Requirements
* Windows choosing package::    Choosing An Installation Package
* Windows using installer::     Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer
* Windows install wizard::      Using the MySQL Installation Wizard
* Windows config wizard::       Using the Configuration Wizard
* Windows install archive::     Installing MySQL from a noinstall Zip Archive
* Windows extract archive::     Extracting the Install Archive
* Windows create option file::  Creating an Option File
* Windows select server::       Selecting a MySQL Server type
* Windows server first start::  Starting the Server for the First Time
* Windows start command line::  Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
* Windows start service::       Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
* Windows testing::             Testing The MySQL Installation
* Windows troubleshooting::     Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows
* Windows upgrading::           Upgrading MySQL on Windows
* Windows vs Unix::             MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix


2.3.1 Windows System Requirements
---------------------------------

To run MySQL on Windows, you need the following:

   * A 32-bit Windows operating system such as 9x, Me, NT, 2000, XP, or
     Windows Server 2003.

     A Windows NT based operating system (NT, 2000, XP, 2003)  permits
     you to run the MySQL server as a service. The use of a Windows NT
     based operating system is strongly recommended. *Note Windows
     start service::.

   * TCP/IP protocol support.

   * A copy of the MySQL binary distribution for Windows, which can be
     downloaded from `http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/'.  *Note Getting
     MySQL::.

     Note: If you download the distribution via FTP, we recommend the
     use of an adequate FTP client with a resume feature to avoid
     corruption of files during the download process.

   * A tool that can read `.zip' files, to unpack the distribution file.

   * Enough space on the hard drive to unpack, install, and create the
     databases in accordance with your requirements (generally a
     minimum of 200 megabytes is recommended.)


You may also have the following optional requirements:

   * If you plan to connect to the MySQL server via ODBC, you also need
     a Connector/ODBC driver. *Note ODBC Connector::.

   * If you need tables with a size larger than 4GB, install MySQL on
     an NTFS or newer filesystem. Don't forget to use `MAX_ROWS' and
     `AVG_ROW_LENGTH' when you create tables.  *Note `CREATE TABLE':
     CREATE TABLE.



2.3.2 Choosing An Installation Package
--------------------------------------

Starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, there are three install packages to
choose from when installing MySQL on Windows. The Packages are as
follows:

   * *The Essentials Package*: This package has a filename similar to
     `mysql-4.1.7-essential-win.msi' and contains the minimum files
     needed to install MySQL on Windows, including the Configuration
     Wizard. This package does not include optional components such as
     the embedded server and benchmark suite.

   * *The Complete Package*: This package has a filename similar to
     `mysql-4.1.7-win.zip' and contains all files needed for a complete
     Windows installation, including the Configuration Wizard. This
     package includes optional components such as the embedded server
     and benchmark suite.

   * *The Noinstall Archive*: This package has a filename similar to
     `mysql-4.1.7-win-noinstall.zip' and contains all the files found in
     the Complete install package, with the exception of the
     Configuration Wizard. This package does not include an automated
     installer, and must be manually installed and configured.


The Essentials package is recommended for most users.

Your choice of install package affects the installation process you
must follow.  If you choose to install either the Essentials or
Complete install packages, see *Note Windows using installer::. If you
choose to install MySQL from the Noinstall archive, see *Note Windows
install archive::.


2.3.3 Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer
---------------------------------------------------

Starting with MySQL 4.1.5, users can use the new MySQL Installation
Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard to install MySQL on Windows. The
MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are designed
to install and configure MySQL in such a way that new users can
immediately get started using MySQL.

The MySQL Installation Wizard and MySQL Configuration Wizard are
available in the Essentials and Complete install packages, and are
recommended for most standard MySQL installations. Exceptions include
users who need to install multiple instances of MySQL on a single
server and advanced users who want complete control of server
configuration.

If you are installing a version of MySQL prior to MySQL 4.1.5, please
follow the instructions for installing MySQL from the Noinstall
installation package. *Note Windows install archive::.


2.3.4 Using the MySQL Installation Wizard
-----------------------------------------

* Menu:

* mysql-install-wizard-introduction::  Introduction
* mysql-install-wizard-starting::  Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard
* mysql-install-wizard-install-type::  Choosing an Install Type
* mysql-install-wizard-custom-install::  The Custom Install Dialog
* mysql-install-wizard-confirmation-dialog::  The Confirmation Dialog
* mysql-install-wizard-changes::  Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard
* mysql-install-wizard-upgrading::  Upgrading MySQL


2.3.4.1 Introduction
....................

MySQL Installation Wizard is a new installer for the MySQL server that
uses the latest installer technologies for Microsoft Windows. The MySQL
Installation Wizard, in combination with the MySQL Configuration Wizard,
allows a user to install and configure a MySQL server that is ready for
use immediately after installation.

The MySQL Installation Wizard is the standard installer for all MySQL
server distributions, version 4.1.5 and higher. Users of previous
versions of MySQL need to manually shut down and remove their existing
MySQL installations before installing MySQL with the MySQL Installation
Wizard. See *Note mysql-install-wizard-upgrading:: for more information
on upgrading from a previous version.

Microsoft has included an improved version of their Microsoft Windows
Installer (MSI) in the recent versions of Windows. Using the MSI has
become the de-facto standard for application installations on Windows
2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003. The MySQL Installation
Wizard makes use of this technology to provide a smoother and more
flexible installation progress.

The Microsoft Windows Installer Engine was updated with the release of
Windows XP; those using a previous version of Windows can reference
this Microsoft Knowledge Base article
(http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;292539) for
information on upgrading to the latest version of the Windows Installer
Engine.

Further, Microsoft has introduced the WiX (Windows Installer XML) tool
set recently. It is the first highly acknowledged Open Source project
from Microsoft. We switched to WiX because it is an Open Source project
and it allows us to handle the complete Windows installation process in
a flexible way with scripts.

Improving the MySQL Installation Wizard depends on the support and
feedback of users like you. If you find that the MySQL Installation
Wizard is lacking some feature important to you, or if you discover a
bug, please use our MySQL Bug System (http://bugs.mysql.com) to request
features or report problems.


2.3.4.2 Downloading and Starting the MySQL Installation Wizard
..............................................................

The MySQL server install packages can be downloaded from
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ (http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/).  If
the package you download is contained within a Zip archive, you need to
extract the archive first.

The process for starting the wizard depends on the contents of the
install package you download. If there is a `setup.exe' file present,
double-click it to start the install process. If there is a `.msi' file
present, double-click it to start the install process.


2.3.4.3 Choosing an Install Type
................................

There are up three installation types available: `Typical', `Complete',
and `Custom'.

The `Typical' installation type installs the MySQL server, the `mysql'
command-line client, and the command-line utilities. The command-line
clients and utilities include `mysqldump', `myisamchk', and several
other tools to help you manage the MySQL server.

The `Complete' installation type installs all components included in
the installation package. The full installation package includes
components such as the embedded server library, the benchmark suite,
support scripts, and documentation.

The `Custom' installation type gives you complete control over which
packages you wish to install and the installation path that will be
used. See *Note mysql-install-wizard-custom-install:: for more
information on performing a custom install.

If you choose the `Typical' or `Complete' installation types and click
the Next button, you advance to the confirmation screen to confirm your
choices and begin the installation. If you choose the `Custom'
installation type and click the Next button, you advance to the custom
install dialog, described in *Note mysql-install-wizard-custom-install::


2.3.4.4 The Custom Install Dialog
.................................

If you wish to change the installation path or the specific components
that are installed by the MySQL Installation Wizard, you should choose
the `Custom' installation type.

All available components are listed in a tree view on the left side of
the custom install dialog. Components that will not be installed have a
red `X' icon, components that will be installed have a gray icon. To
change whether a component is installed, click on the component's icon
and choose an new option from the drop-down list that appears.

You can change the default installation path by clicking the Change...
button to the right of the displayed installation path.

After choosing your install components and installation path, click the
Next button to advance to the confirmation dialog.


2.3.4.5 The Confirmation Dialog
...............................

Once you choose an installation type and optionally choose your
installation components, you advance to the confirmation dialog. Your
installation type and installation path are displayed for you to review.

To install MySQL if you are satisfied with your settings, click the
Install button. To change your settings, click the Back button. To exit
the MySQL Installation Wizard without installing MySQL, click the
Cancel button.

After installation is complete, you will be given the option of
registering with the MySQL web site. Registration will give you access
to post in the MySQL forums at forums.mysql.com
(http://forums.mysql.com), along with the ability to report bugs at
bugs.mysql.com (http://bugs.mysql.com) and subscribe to the newsletter.
The final screen of the installer provides a summary of the
installation and gives you the option to launch the MySQL Configuration
Wizard, which you can use to create a configuration file, install the
MySQL service, and configure security.


2.3.4.6 Changes Made by MySQL Installation Wizard
.................................................

Once you click the Install button, the MySQL Installation Wizard begins
the installation process and makes certain changes to your system which
are described in the sections that follow.

*Changes to the Registry*

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates one Windows registry key in a
typical install situation, located in
`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\MySQL AB'.

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a key named after the major
version of the server that is being installed, such as `MySQL Server
4.1'. It contains two string values, `Location' and `Version'. The
`Location' string contains the path to the installation directory. In a
default installation it contains `C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server
4.1\'. The `Version' string contains the release number. For example,
for an installation of MySQL Server 4.1.5 the key contains a value of
`4.1.5'.

These registry keys are used to help external tools identify the
installed location of the MySQL server, preventing a complete scan of
the hard-disk to determine the installation path of the MySQL server.
The registry keys are not required to run the server and when using the
`noinstall' Zip archive the registry keys are not created.

*Changes to the Start Menu*

The MySQL Installation Wizard creates a new entry in the Windows Start
menu under a common MySQL menu heading named after the major version of
MySQL that you have installed. For example, if you install MySQL 4.1,
the MySQL Installation Wizard creates a MySQL Server 4.1 section in the
start menu.

The following entries are created within the new Start menu section:

   * `MySQL Command Line Client': This is a shortcut to the `mysql'
     command-line client and is configured to connect as the root user.
     The shortcut prompts for a root user password when connecting.

   * `MySQL Server Instance Config Wizard': This is a shortcut to the
     MySQL Configuration Wizard. Use this shortcut to configure a newly
     installed server, or to re-configure an existing server.

   * `MySQL Documentation': This is a link to the MySQL server
     documentation that is stored locally in the MySQL server
     installation directory. This option is not available when the MySQL
     server is installed from the `essential' installation package.


*Changes to the File System*

The MySQL Installation Wizard by default installs the MySQL server to
`C:\PROGRAM FILES\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1', where PROGRAM FILES is the
default location for applications in your system, and 4.1 is the major
version of your MySQL server. This is the new recommended location for
the MySQL server, replacing the previous default location of `c:\mysql'.

By default, all MySQL applications are stored in a common directory at
`C:\PROGRAM FILES\MySQL', where PROGRAM FILES is the default location
for applications in your Windows installation. A typical MySQL
installation on a developer machine may look like this:

     C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1
     C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0
     C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Administrator 1.0
     C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Query Browser 1.0

This approach makes it easier to manage and maintain all MySQL
applications installed on a particular system.


2.3.4.7 Upgrading MySQL
.......................

From MySQL version 4.1.5, the new MySQL Installation Wizard can perform
server upgrades automatically using the upgrade capabilities of MSI.
That means you do not need to remove a previous installation manually
before installing a new release. The installer automatically shuts down
and removes the previous MySQL service before installing the new
version.

Automatic upgrades are only available when upgrading between
installations that have the same major and minor version numbers. For
example, you can upgrade automatically from MySQL 4.1.5 to MySQL 4.1.6,
but not from MySQL 4.1 to MySQL 5.0.

_If you are upgrading MySQL version 4.1.4 or earlier to version 4.1.5
or later, you must first manually shut down and remove the older
installation before upgrading. Be sure to back up your databases before
performing such an upgrade, so that you can restore the databases after
the upgrade is completed. _It is always recommended that you back up
your data before performing any upgrades_._

*Note Windows upgrading::.


2.3.5 Using the Configuration Wizard
------------------------------------

* Menu:

* mysql-config-wizard-introduction::  Introduction
* mysql-config-wizard-starting::  Starting the MySQL Configuration Wizard
* mysql-config-wizard-maintenance::  Choosing a Maintenance Option
* mysql-config-wizard-configuration-type::  Choosing a Configuration Type
* mysql-config-wizard-server-type::  The Server Type Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-database-usage::  The Database Usage Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-tablespace::  The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-connections::  The Concurrent Connections Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-networking::  The Networking Options Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-character-set::  The Character Set Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-service::  The Service Options Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-security::  The Security Options Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-confirmation::  The Confirmation Dialog
* mysql-config-wizard-file-location::  The Location of the my.ini File
* mysql-config-wizard-editing::  Editing The my.ini File


2.3.5.1 Introduction
....................

The MySQL Configuration Wizard helps automate the processs of
configuring your server under Windows. The MySQL Configuration Wizard
creates a custom `my.ini' file by asking you a series of questions and
then applying your responses to a template to generate a `my.ini' file
that is tuned to your installation.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard is included with the MySQL server
starting with MySQL version 4.1.5, but is designed to work with MySQL
servers versions 4.0 and higher. The MySQL Configuration Wizard is
currently available for Windows users only.

MySQL Configuration Wizard is to a large extent the result of feedback
MySQL AB has received from many users over a period of several years.
However, if you find it's lacking some feature important to you, or if
you discover a bug, please use our MySQL Bug System
(http://bugs.mysql.com) to request features or report problems.


2.3.5.2 Starting the MySQL Configuration Wizard
...............................................

The MySQL Configuration Wizard is typically launched from the MySQL
Installation Wizard, as the MySQL Installation Wizard exits. You can
also launch the MySQL Configuration Wizard by clicking the MySQL Server
Instance Config Wizard entry in the MySQL section of the `Start' menu.

In addition, you can navigate to the `bin' directory of your MySQL
installation and launch the `MySQLInstanceConfig.exe' file directly.


2.3.5.3 Choosing a Maintenance Option
.....................................

If the MySQL Configuration Wizard detects an existing `my.ini' file,
you will have the option of either re-configuring your existing server,
or removing the server instance by deleting the `my.ini' file and
stopping and removing the MySQL service.

To reconfigure an existing server, choose the `Re-configure Instance'
option and click the Next button. Your existing `my.ini' file will be
renamed to `my TIMESTAMP.ini.bak', where TIMESTAMP is the date and time
the existing `my.ini' file was created. To remove the existing server
instance, choose the `Remove Instance' option and click the Next button.

If you choose the `Remove Instance' option, you advance to a
confirmation window. Click the Execute button and the MySQL
Configuration Wizard will stop and remove the MySQL service and delete
the `my.ini' file. The server installation and its `data' folder will
not be removed.

If you choose the `Re-configure Instance' option, you advance to the
`Configuration Type' dialog where you can choose the type of
installation you wish to configure.


2.3.5.4 Choosing a Configuration Type
.....................................

When you start the MySQL Configuration Wizard for a new MySQL
installation, or choose the `Re-configure Instance' option for an
existing installation, you advance to the `Configuration Type' dialog.

There are two configuration types available: `Detailed Configuration'
and `Standard Configuration'. The `Standard Configuration' option is
intended for new users who want to get started with MySQL quickly
without having to make a lot of decisions in regards to server
configuration. The `Detailed Configuration' option is intended for
advanced users who want more fine-grained control of server
configuration.

If you are new to MySQL and need a server configured as a single-user
developer machine the `Standard Configuration' will suit your needs.
Choosing the `Standard Configuration' option causes the MySQL
Configuration Wizard to automatically set all configuration options with
the exception of the `Service Options' and `Security Options'.

The `Standard Configuration' sets options that may be incompatible with
systems where there are existing MySQL installations. If you have an
existing MySQL installation on your system in addition to the
installation you wish to configure, the `Detailed Configuration' option
is recommended.

To complete the `Standard Configuration', please refer to the sections
on `Service Options' and `Security Options', located at *Note
mysql-config-wizard-service:: and *Note mysql-config-wizard-security::
respectively.


2.3.5.5 The Server Type Dialog
..............................

There are three different server types available to choose from, and
the server type you choose will affect the decisions the MySQL
Configuration Wizard makes with regards to memory, disk, and processor
usage.

   * `Developer Machine': Choose this option for a typical desktop
     workstation where MySQL is intended only for personal use. It is
     assumed that many other desktop applications will be running. The
     MySQL server will be configured to use minimal system resources.

   * `Server Machine': Choose this option for a server machine where
     the MySQL server will be running alongside other server
     applications such as FTP, email, and web servers. The MySQL server
     will be configured to use a medium portion of the system resources.

   * `Dedicated MySQL Server Machine': Choose this option for a server
     machine that is intended to run only the MySQL server. It is
     assumed that no other applications will be running.  The MySQL
     server will be configured to use all available system resources.



2.3.5.6 The Database Usage Dialog
.................................

The `Database Usage' dialog allows you to indicate the table handlers
you expect to use when creating MySQL tables. The option you choose
will determine whether the InnoDB table handler is available and what
percentage of the server resources are available to InnoDB.

   * `Multifunctional Database': This option enables both the InnoDB
     and MyISAM table handlers and divides resources evenly between the
     two. This option is recommended for users that will use both table
     handlers on a regular basis.

   * `Transactional Database Only': This option enables both the InnoDB
     and MyISAM table handlers but dedicates most server resources
     toward the InnoDB table handler. This option is recommended for
     users that will use InnoDB almost exclusively and will make only
     minimal use of MyISAM.

   * `Non-Transactional Database Only': This option disables the InnoDB
     table handler completely and dedicates all server resources to the
     MyISAM table handler. This option is recommended for users who
     will not be using InnoDB.



2.3.5.7 The InnoDB Tablespace Dialog
....................................

Some users may want to locate the InnoDB tablespace files in a
different location than the MySQL server data directory. Placing the
tablespace files in a seperate location can be desireable if your
system has a higher capacity or higher performance storage device
available, such as a RAID storage system.

To change the default location for the InnoDB tablespace files, choose
a new drive from the drop-down list of drive letters and choose a new
path from the drop-down list of paths. To create a custom path, click
the ... button.

If you are modifying the configuration of an existing server, you must
click the Modify button before you change the path. In this situation
you will have to manually move the existing tablespace files to the new
location before starting the server.


2.3.5.8 The Concurrent Connections Dialog
.........................................

It is important to set a limit to the number of concurrent connections
to the MySQL server that can be established to prevent the server from
running out of resources. The `Concurrent Connections' dialog allows
you to choose the expected usage of your server, and will set the limit
for concurrent connections accordingly. It is also possible to manually
set the concurrent connection limit.

   * `Decision Support (DSS)/OLAP': Choose this option if your server
     will not require a large number of concurrent connections. The
     maximum number of connections will be set at 100.

   * `Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)': Choose this option if your
     server will require a large number of concurrent connections. The
     maximum number of connections will be set at 500.

   * `Manual Setting': Choose this option to manually set the maximum
     number of concurrent connections to the server.  Choose the number
     of concurrent connections from the drop-down box provided, or type
     the maximum number of connections into the drop-down box if the
     number you desire is not listed.



2.3.5.9 The Networking Options Dialog
.....................................

Use the `Networking Options' dialog to enable or disable TCP/IP
networking and to configure the port number that is used to connect to
the MySQL server.

TCP/IP networking is enabled by default. To disable TCP/IP networking,
uncheck the box next to the `Enable TCP/IP Networking' option.

Port 3306 is used by default. To change the port used to access MySQL,
choose a new port number from the drop-down box or type a new port
number directly into the drop-down box. If the port number you choose
is already in use you will be prompted to confirm your choice of port
number.


2.3.5.10 The Character Set Dialog
.................................

The MySQL server supports multiple character sets and it is possible to
set a default server character set that will be applied to all tables,
columns, and databases unless overridden. Use the `Character Set'
dialog to change the default character set of the MySQL server.

   * `Standard Character Set': Choose this option if you want to use
     `Latin1' as the default server character set. `Latin1' is used for
     English and many Western European languages.

   * `Best Support For Multilingualism': Choose this option if you want
     to use `UTF8' as the default server character set. `UTF8' can
     store characters from many different languages in a single
     character set.

   * `Manual Selected Default Character Set / Collation': Choose this
     option if you want to pick the server's default character set
     manually. Choose the desired character set from the provided
     drop-down list.



2.3.5.11 The Service Options Dialog
...................................

On Windows NT based platforms, the MySQL server can be installed as a
service. When installed as a service, the MySQL server can be started
automatically during system startup, and even restarted automatically
by Windows in the event of a service failure.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard will install the MySQL server as a
service by default, using the service name `MySQL'. If you do not wish
to install the service, un-check the box next to the `Install As
Windows Service' option. You can changed the service name by picking a
new service name from the drop-down box provided or by typing a new
service name into the drop-down box.

To install the MySQL server as a service but not have it started
automatically at startup, un-check the box next to the `Launch the
MySQL Server automatically' option.


2.3.5.12 The Security Options Dialog
....................................

It is strongly recommended that you set a root password for your MySQL
server, and the MySQL Configuration Wizard requires you set a root
password by default. If you do not wish to set a root password,
un-check the box next to the `Modify Security Settings' option.

To set the root password, type the desired password into both the `New
root password' and `Confirm' boxes. If you are re-configuring an
existing server, you will also need to enter the existing root password
into the `Current root password' box.

To prevent root logins from across the network, check the box next to
the `Root may only connect from localhost' option.  This will increase
the security of your root account.

To create an anonymous user account, check the box next to the `Create
An Anonymous Account' option. Creating an anonymous account can
decrease server security and cause login and permission difficulties
and is not recommended.


2.3.5.13 The Confirmation Dialog
................................

The final dialog in the MySQL Configuration Wizard is the `Confirmation
Dialog'. To start the configuration process, click the Execute button.
To return to a previous dialog, click the Back button. To exit the
MySQL Configuration Wizard without configuring the server, click the
Cancel button.

After you click the Execute button, the MySQL Configuration Wizard will
perform a series of tasks with progress displayed onscreen as the tasks
are performed.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard will first determine various
configuration file options based on your choices using a template
prepared by MySQL AB developers and engineers. This template is named
`my-template.ini' and is located in your server installation directory.

The MySQL Configuration Wizard will then write these options to a
`my.ini' file. The final location of the `my.ini' file will be
displayed next to the `Write configuration file' task.

If you chose to create a service for the MySQL server the MySQL
Configuration Wizard will create the service and start it. If you are
re-configuring an existing service, the MySQL Configuration Wizard will
restart the service to apply your configuration changes.

If you chose to set a root password the MySQL Configuration Wizard will
connect to the server and set your new root password and apply any other
security setting you may have selected.

After the MySQL Configuration Wizard has completed its tasks, a summary
will be shown. Click the Finish button to exit the MySQL Configuration
Wizard.


2.3.5.14 The Location of the my.ini File
........................................

In MySQL installations prior to version 4.1.5 it was customary to name
the server configuration file `my.cnf' or `my.ini' and locate the file
either at `c:\my.cnf' or `c:\Windows\my.ini'.

The new MySQL Configuration Wizard places the `my.ini' file in the
installation directory of the MySQL server. This helps associate
configuration files with particular server instances.

To ensure that the MySQL server knows where to look for the `my.ini'
file, an argument similar to this is passed to the MySQL server as part
of the service installation: `--defaults-file="C:\PROGRAM
FILES\MYSQL\MYSQL SERVER 4.1\my.ini"', where C:\PROGRAM
FILES\MYSQL\MYSQL SERVER 4.1 is replaced with the installation path to
the MySQL Server.

The `--defaults-file' instructs the MySQL server to read the specified
file for configuration options.


2.3.5.15 Editing The my.ini File
................................

To modify the `my.ini' file, open it with a text editor and make any
necessary changes. You can also modify the server configuration with the
MySQL Administrator (http://www.mysql.com/products/administrator/)
utility.

MySQL clients and utilities such as the `mysql' command-line client and
`mysqldump' will not locate the `my.ini' file located in the server
installation directory. To configure the client and utility
applications, create a new `my.ini' file in the `c:\Windows' directory.


2.3.6 Installing MySQL from a noinstall Zip Archive
---------------------------------------------------

Users who are installing from the Noinstall package, or who are
installing a version of MySQL prior to 4.1.5 can use the instructions
in this section to manually install MySQL. If you are installing a
version prior to 4.1.5 with an install package that includes a Setup
program, substitute running the Setup program for extracting the
archive.

The process for installing MySQL from a Zip archive is as follows:

  1. Extract the archive to the desired install directory.

  2. Create an option file.

  3. Choose a MySQL server type.

  4. Start the MySQL server.

  5. Secure the default user accounts.


This process is described in the sections that follow.


2.3.7 Extracting the Install Archive
------------------------------------

To install MySQL manually, do the following:

  1. If you are upgrading from a previous version please refer to *Note
     Windows upgrading:: before beginning the upgrade process.

  2. If you are using a Windows NT-based operating system such as
     Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003, make
     sure that you are logged in as a user with administrator
     privileges.

  3. Choose an installation location. Traditionally the MySQL server is
     installed at `C:\mysql', and the new MySQL Installation Wizard
     installs MySQL to `C:\Program Files\MySQL'. If you do not install
     MySQL at `C:\mysql', you must specify the path to the install
     directory during startup or in an option file.  *Note Windows
     create option file::.

  4. Extract the install archive to the chosen installation location
     using your preferred Zip archive tool. Some tools may extract the
     archive to a folder within your chosen installation location. If
     this occurs you can move the contents of the subfolder into the
     chosen installation location.



2.3.8 Creating an Option File
-----------------------------

If you need to specify startup options when you run the server, you can
indicate them on the command line or place them in an option file. For
options that will be used every time the server starts, you will find it
most convenient to use an option file to specify your MySQL
configuration.  This is true particularly under the following
circumstances:

   * The installation or data directory locations are different from
     the default locations (`C:\mysql' and `C:\mysql\data').

   * You need to tune the server settings.  For example, to use the
     `InnoDB' transactional tables in MySQL 3.23, you must manually add
     some extra lines to the option file, as described in *Note
     `InnoDB' configuration: InnoDB configuration.  (As of MySQL 4.0,
     `InnoDB' creates its data files and log files in the data
     directory by default. This means you need not configure `InnoDB'
     explicitly.  You may still do so if you wish, and an option file
     will be useful in this case, too.)


When the MySQL server starts on Windows, it looks for options in two
files:  the `my.ini' file in the Windows directory, and the `C:\my.cnf'
file.  The Windows directory typically is named something like
`C:\WINDOWS' or `C:\WinNT'.  You can determine its exact location from
the value of the `WINDIR' environment variable using the following
command:

     C:\> echo %WINDIR%

MySQL looks for options first in the `my.ini' file, then in the
`my.cnf' file.  However, to avoid confusion, it's best if you use only
one file.  If your PC uses a boot loader where the `C:' drive isn't the
boot drive, your only option is to use the `my.ini' file.  Whichever
option file you use, it must be a plain text file.

You can also make use of the example option files included with your
MySQL distribution.  Look in your install directory for files such as
my-small.cnf, my-medium.cnf, my-large.cnf, etc., which you can rename
and copy to the appropriate location for use as a base configuration
file.

An option file can be created and modified with any text editor, such
as the `Notepad' program.  For example, if MySQL is installed at
`E:\mysql' and the data directory is located at `E:\mydata\data', you
can create the option file and set up a `[mysqld]' section to specify
values for the `basedir' and `datadir' parameters:

     [mysqld]
     # set basedir to your installation path
     basedir=E:/mysql
     # set datadir to the location of your data directory
     datadir=E:/mydata/data

Note that Windows pathnames are specified in option files using forward
slashes rather than backslashes.  If you do use backslashes, you must
double them:

     [mysqld]
     # set basedir to your installation path
     basedir=E:\\mysql
     # set datadir to the location of your data directory
     datadir=E:\\mydata\\data

On Windows, the MySQL installer places the data directory directly
under the directory where you install MySQL.  If you would like to use
a data directory in a different location, you should copy the entire
contents of the `data' directory to the new location. For example, by
default, the installer places MySQL in `C:\mysql' and the data
directory in `C:\mysql\data'. If you want to use a data directory of
`E:\mydata', you must do two things:

   * Move the data directory from `C:\mysql\data' to `E:\mydata'.

   * Use a `--datadir' option to specify the new data directory location
     each time you start the server.



2.3.9 Selecting a MySQL Server type
-----------------------------------

Starting with MySQL 3.23.38, the Windows distribution includes both the
normal and the MySQL-Max server binaries.

Up through the early releases of MySQL 4.1, the servers included in
Windows distributions are named like this:

*Binary*       *Description*
`mysqld'       Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory
               allocation checking, symbolic links, and `InnoDB' and
               `BDB' tables.
`mysqld-opt'   Optimized binary.  From version 4.0 on, `InnoDB' is
               enabled.  Before 4.0, this server includes no
               transactional table support.
`mysqld-nt'    Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with
               support for named pipes.
`mysqld-max'   Optimized binary with support for symbolic links, and
               `InnoDB' and `BDB' tables.
`mysqld-max-nt'Like `mysqld-max', but compiled with support for named
               pipes.

We have found that the server with the most generic name (`mysqld') is
the one that many users are likely to choose by default. However, that
is also the server that results in the highest memory and CPU use due
to the inclusion of full debugging support.  The server named
`mysqld-opt' is a better general-use server choice to make instead if
you don't need debugging suport and don't want the maximal feature set
offered by the `-max' servers or named pipe support offered by the
`-nt' servers.

To make it less likely that the debugging server would be chosen
inadvertantly, some name changes were made from MySQL 4.1.2 to 4.1.4:
`mysqld' has been renamed to `mysqld-debug' and `mysqld-opt' has been
renamed to `mysqld'.  Thus, the server that includes debugging support
indicates that in its name, and the server named `mysqld' is an
efficient default choice. The other servers still have their same
names. The resulting servers are named like this:

*Binary*       *Description*
`mysqld-debug' Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory
               allocation checking, symbolic links, and `InnoDB' and
               `BDB' tables.
`mysqld'       Optimized binary with `InnoDB' support.
`mysqld-nt'    Optimized binary for Windows NT, 2000, and XP with
               support for named pipes.
`mysqld-max'   Optimized binary with support for symbolic links, and
               `InnoDB' and `BDB' tables.
`mysqld-max-nt'Like `mysqld-max', but compiled with support for named
               pipes.

The name changes were not both instituted at the same time. If you have
MySQL 4.1.2 or 4.1.3, it might be that you have a server named
`mysqld-debug' but not one named `mysqld'. In this case, you should
have have a server `mysqld-opt', which you should choose as your
default server unless you need maximal features, named pipes, or
debugging support.

All of the preceding binaries are optimized for modern Intel processors,
but should work on any Intel i386-class or higher processor.

MySQL supports TCP/IP on all Windows platforms. The `mysqld-nt' and
`mysql-max-nt' servers support named pipes on Windows NT, 2000, XP, and
2003.  However, the default is to use TCP/IP regardless of the platform.
(Named pipes are slower than TCP/IP in many Windows configurations.)
Named pipe use is subject to these conditions:

   * Starting from MySQL 3.23.50, named pipes are enabled only if you
     start the server with the `--enable-named-pipe' option.  It is now
     necessary to use this option explicitly because some users have
     experienced problems shutting down the MySQL server when named
     pipes were used.

   * Named pipe connections are allowed only by the `mysqld-nt' or
     `mysqld-max-nt' servers, and only if the server is run on a version
     of Windows that supports named pipes (NT, 2000, XP, 2003).

   * These servers can be run on Windows 98 or Me, but only if TCP/IP
     is installed; named pipe connections cannot be used.

   * These servers can not be run on Windows 95.


*Note*: Most of the examples in reference manual use `mysqld' as the
server name. If you choose to use a different server, such as
`mysqld-nt', make the appropriate substitutions in the commands that
are shown in the examples.


2.3.10 Starting the Server for the First Time
---------------------------------------------

On Windows 95, 98, or Me, MySQL clients always connect to the server
using TCP/IP.  (This allows any machine on your network to connect to
your MySQL server.)  Because of this, you must make sure that TCP/IP
support is installed on your machine before starting MySQL.  You can
find TCP/IP on your Windows CD-ROM.

Note that if you are using an old Windows 95 release (for example,
OSR2), it's likely that you have an old Winsock package; MySQL requires
Winsock 2! You can get the newest Winsock from
`http://www.microsoft.com/'.  Windows 98 has the new Winsock 2 library,
so it is unnecessary to update the library.

On NT-based systems such as Windows NT, 2000, XP, or 2003, clients have
two options. They can use TCP/IP, or they can use a named pipe if the
server supports named pipe connections.

In MySQL versions 4.1 and higher, Windows servers also support
shared-memory connections if started with the `--shared-memory' option.
Clients can connect through shared memory by using the
`--protocol=memory' option.

For information about which server binary to run, see *Note Windows
select server::.

This section gives a general overview of starting the MySQL server.  The
following sections provide more specific information for starting the
MySQL server from the command line or as a Windows service.

The examples in these sections assume that MySQL is installed under the
default location of `C:\mysql'. Adjust the pathnames shown in the
examples if you have MySQL installed in a different location.

Testing is best done from a command prompt in a console window (a "DOS
window"). This way you can have the server display status messages in
the window where they are easy to see.  If something is wrong with your
configuration, these messages make it easier for you to identify and
fix any problems.

To start the server, enter this command:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --console

For servers that include `InnoDB' support, you should see the following
messages as the server starts:

     InnoDB: The first specified datafile c:\ibdata\ibdata1 did not exist:
     InnoDB: a new database to be created!
     InnoDB: Setting file c:\ibdata\ibdata1 size to 209715200
     InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
     InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created
     InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 size to 31457280
     InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created
     InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 size to 31457280
     InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be created
     InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 size to 31457280
     InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new
     InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created
     InnoDB: creating foreign key constraint system tables
     InnoDB: foreign key constraint system tables created
     011024 10:58:25  InnoDB: Started

When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see something
like this, which indicates that the server is ready to service client
connections:

     mysqld: ready for connections
     Version: '4.0.14-log'  socket: ''  port: 3306

The server will continue to write to the console any further diagnostic
output it produces.  You can open a new console window in which to run
client programs.

If you omit the `--console' option, the server writes diagnostic output
to the error log in the data directory (`C:\mysql\data' by default).
The error log is the file with the `.err' extension.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.


2.3.11 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
---------------------------------------------------

The MySQL server can be started manually from the command line.  This
can be done on any version of Windows.

To start the `mysqld' server from the command line, you should start a
console window (a "DOS window") and enter this command:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld

On non-NT versions of Windows, this will start `mysqld' in the
background. That is, after the server starts, you should see another
command prompt. If you start the server this way on Windows NT, 2000,
or XP, the server will run in the foreground and no command prompt will
appear until the server exits.  Because of this, you should open
another console window to run client programs while the server is
running.

You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown

This invokes the MySQL administrative utility `mysqladmin' to connect
to the server and tell it to shut down. The command connects as `root',
which is the default administrative account in the MySQL grant system.
Note that users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from
any login users under Windows.

If `mysqld' doesn't start, check the error log to see whether the
server wrote any messages there to indicate the cause of the problem.
The error log is located in the `C:\mysql\data' directory. It is the
file with a suffix of `.err'. You can also try to start the server as
`mysqld --console'; in this case, you may get some useful information
on the screen that may help solve the problem.

The last option is to start `mysqld' with `--standalone --debug'.  In
this case, `mysqld' writes a log file `C:\mysqld.trace' that should
contain the reason why `mysqld' doesn't start. *Note Making trace
files::.

Use `mysqld --verbose --help' to display all the options that `mysqld'
understands.  (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the `--verbose' option.)


2.3.12 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
------------------------------------------

On the NT family (Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003), the recommended way to
run MySQL is to install it as a Windows service. When MySQL is
installed as a service, Windows starts and stops the MySQL server
automatically when Windows starts and stops.  A server installed as a
service can also be controlled from the command line using `NET'
commands, or with the graphical `Services' utility.

The `Services' utility (the Windows `Service Control Manager') can be
found in the Windows `Control Panel' (under `Administrative Tools' on
Windows 2000, XP, and Server 2003). It is advisable to close the
`Services' utility while performing server installation or removal
operations from this command line.  This prevents some odd errors.

To get MySQL to work with TCP/IP on Windows NT 4, you must install
service pack 3 (or newer).

Before installing MySQL as a Windows service, you should first stop the
current server if it is running by using the following command:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown

This invokes the MySQL administrative utility `mysqladmin' to connect
to the server and tell it to shut down. The command connects as `root',
which is the default administrative account in the MySQL grant system.
Note that users in the MySQL grant system are wholly independent from
any login users under Windows.

Now install the server as a service:

     C:\> mysqld --install

If you have problems installing `mysqld' as a service using just the
server name, try installing it using its full pathname:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install

As of MySQL 4.0.2, you can specify a specific service name after the
`--install' option.  As of MySQL 4.0.3, you can in addition specify a
`--defaults-file' option after the service name to indicate where the
server should obtain options when it starts. The rules that determine
the service name and option files the server uses are as follows:

   * If you specify no service name, the server uses the default
     service name of `MySQL' and the server reads options from the
     `[mysqld]' group in the standard option files.

   * If you specify a service name after the `--install' option, the
     server ignores the `[mysqld]' option group and instead reads
     options from the group that has the same name as the service. The
     server reads options from the standard option files.

   * If you specify a `--defaults-file' option after the service name,
     the server ignores the standard option files and reads options
     only from the `[mysqld]' group of the named file.


*Note*: Prior to MySQL 4.0.17, a server installed as a Windows service
has problems starting if its pathname or the service name contains
spaces. For this reason, avoid installing MySQL in a directory such as
`C:\Program Files' or using a service name containing spaces.

As a more complex example, consider the following command:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install mysql --defaults-file=C:\my-opts.cnf

Here, a service name is given after the `--install' option. If no
`--defaults-file' option had been given, this command would have the
effect of causing the server to read the `[mysql]' group from the
standard option files. (This would be a bad idea, because that option
group is for use by the `mysql' client program.) However, because the
`--defaults-file' option is present, the server reads options only from
the named file, and only from the `[mysqld]' option group.

You can also specify options as "`Start parameters'" in the Windows
`Services' utility before you start the MySQL service.

Once a MySQL server is installed as a service, Windows will start the
service automatically whenever Windows starts.  The service also can be
started immediately from the `Services' utility, or by using the
command `NET START MySQL'.  The `NET' command is not case sensitive.

When run as a service, `mysqld' has no access to a console window, so
no messages can be seen there.  If `mysqld' doesn't start, check the
error log to see whether the server wrote any messages there to
indicate the cause of the problem.  The error log is located in the
`C:\mysql\data' directory. It is the file with a suffix of `.err'.

When `mysqld' is running as a service, it can be stopped by using the
`Services' utility, the command `NET STOP MySQL', or the command
`mysqladmin shutdown'. If the service is running when Windows shuts
down, Windows will stop the server automatically.

From MySQL 3.23.44 on, you have the choice of installing the server as
a `Manual' service if you don't wish the service to be started
automatically during the boot process. To do this, use the
`--install-manual' option rather than the `--install' option:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install-manual

To remove a server that is installed as a service, first stop it if it
is running. Then use the `--remove' option to remove it:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove

For MySQL versions older than 3.23.49, one problem with automatic MySQL
service shutdown is that Windows waited only for a few seconds for the
shutdown to complete, then killed the database server process if the
time limit was exceeded. This had the potential to cause problems.
(For example, the `InnoDB' storage engine had to perform crash recovery
at the next startup.) Starting from MySQL 3.23.49, Windows waits longer
for the MySQL server shutdown to complete. If you notice this still is
not enough for your installation, it is safest not to run the MySQL
server as a service. Instead, start it from the command-line prompt,
and stop it with `mysqladmin shutdown'.

This change to tell Windows to wait longer when stopping the MySQL
server works for Windows 2000 and XP. It does not work for Windows NT,
where Windows waits only 20 seconds for a service to shut down, and
after that kills the service process. You can increase this default by
opening the Registry Editor `\winnt\system32\regedt32.exe' and editing
the value of `WaitToKillServiceTimeout' at
`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control' in the Registry
tree. Specify the new larger value in milliseconds.  For example, the
value 120000 tells Windows NT to wait up to 120 seconds.

If you don't want to start `mysqld' as a service, you can start it from
the command line.  For instructions, see *Note Windows start command
line::.

Please see *Note Windows troubleshooting:: if you encounter difficulties
during installation.


2.3.13 Testing The MySQL Installation
-------------------------------------

You can test whether the MySQL server is working by executing any of the
following commands:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow
     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -u root mysql
     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin version status proc
     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql test

If `mysqld' is slow to respond to TCP/IP connections from client
programs on Windows 9x/Me, there is probably a problem with your DNS.
In this case, start `mysqld' with the `--skip-name-resolve' option and
use only `localhost' and IP numbers in the `Host' column of the MySQL
grant tables.

You can force a MySQL client to use a named pipe connection rather than
TCP/IP by specifying the `--pipe' option or by specifying `.' (period)
as the host name.  Use the `--socket' option to specify the name of the
pipe.  As of MySQL 4.1, you should use the `--protocol=PIPE' option.

There are two versions of the MySQL command-line tool:
*Binary*       *Description*
`mysql'        Compiled on native Windows, offering limited text editing
               capabilities.
`mysqlc'       Compiled with the Cygnus GNU compiler and libraries,
               which offers `readline' editing. `mysqlc' was intended
               for use primarily with Windows 9x/Me. It does not support
               the updated authentication protocol used beginning with
               MySQL 4.1, and is not supported in MySQL 4.1 and above.
               Beginning with MySQL 4.1.8, it is no longer included in
               MySQL Windows distributions.

If you want to use `mysqlc', you must have a copy of the
`cygwinb19.dll' library installed somewhere that `mysqlc' can find it.
Current distributions of MySQL include this library in the same
directory as `mysqlc' (the `bin' directory under the base directory of
your MySQL installation). If your distribution does not have the
`cygwinb19.dll' library in the `bin' directory, look for it in the
`lib' directory and copy it to your Windows system directory
(`\Windows\system' or a similar place).


2.3.14 Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows
---------------------------------------------------------

When installing and running MySQL for the first time, you may encounter
certain errors that prevent the MySQL server from starting.  The
purpose of this section is to help you diagnose and correct some of
these errors.

Your first resource when troubleshooting server issues is the error log.
The MySQL server uses the error log to record information relevant to
the error that is preventing the server from starting. The error log is
located in the data directory specified in your `my.ini' file.  The
default data directory location is `C:\mysql\data'.  *Note Error log::.

Another source of information regarding possible errors is the console
messages displayed when the MySQL service is starting. Use the `NET
START mysql' command from the command line after installing `mysqld' as
a service to see any error messages regarding the starting of the MySQL
server as a service.  *Note Windows start service::.

The following are examples of some of the more common error messages
you may encounter when installing MySQL and starting the server for the
first time:

     System error 1067 has occurred.
     Fatal error: Can't open privilege tables: Table 'mysql.host' doesn't exist

These messages occur when the MySQL server cannot find the `mysql'
privileges database or other critical files. This error is often
encountered when the MySQL base or data directories are installed in
different locations than the default locations (`C:\mysql' and
`C:\mysql\data', respectively).

If you have installed MySQL to a directory other than `C:\mysql' you
need to ensure that the MySQL server is aware of this through the use
of a configuration (`my.ini') file. The `my.ini' file needs to be
located in your Windows directory, typically located at `C:\WinNT' or
`C:\WINDOWS'. You can determine its exact location from the value of
the `WINDIR' environment variable by issuing the following command from
the command prompt:

     C:\> echo %WINDIR%

An option file can be created and modified with any text editor, such
as the Notepad program. For example, if MySQL is installed at
`E:\mysql' and the data directory is located at `D:\MySQLdata', you can
create the option file and set up a `[mysqld]' section to specify
values for the basedir and datadir parameters:

     [mysqld]
     # set basedir to your installation path
     basedir=E:/mysql
     # set datadir to the location of your data directory
     datadir=D:/MySQLdata

Note that Windows pathnames are specified in option files using forward
slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must
double them:

     [mysqld]
     # set basedir to your installation path
     basedir=C:\\Program Files\\mysql
     # set datadir to the location of your data directory
     datadir=D:\\MySQLdata

*Note Windows create option file::.


2.3.15 Upgrading MySQL on Windows
---------------------------------

This section lists some of the steps you should take when upgrading
MySQL on Windows.

  1. You should always back up your current MySQL installation before
     performing an upgrade.  *Note Backup::.

  2. Download the latest Windows distribution of MySQL from
     `http://dev.mysql.com'.

  3. Before upgrading MySQL, you must stop the server.

     If the server is installed as a service, stop the service with the
     following command from the command prompt:
          C:\> NET STOP MySQL

     If you are not running the MySQL server as a service, use the
     following command to stop the server:

          C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown

  4. Exit the `WinMySQLAdmin' program if it is running.

  5. When upgrading to MySQL 4.1.5 or higher from a previous version,
     or when upgrading from a version of MySQL installed from a Zip
     archive to a version of MySQL installed with the MySQL
     Installation Wizard, you must manually remove the previous
     installation and MySQL service (if the server is installed as a
     service).

     To remove the MySQL service, use the following command:
          C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --remove

     *If you do not remove the existing service, the MySQL Installation
     Wizard may fail to properly install the new MySQL service.*

  6. If you are using the MySQL Installation Wizard, start the wizard as
     described in *Note Windows install wizard::.

  7. If you are installing MySQL from a Zip archive, extract the
     archive. You may either overwrite your existing MySQL installation
     (usually located at `C:\mysql'), or install it into a different
     directory, such as `C:\mysql4'. Overwriting the existing
     installation is recommended.

  8. Restart the server. For example, use `NET START MySQL' if you run
     MySQL as a service, or invoke `mysqld' directly otherwise.

  9. Refer to *Note Upgrade:: for additional information on upgrading
     MySQL that is not specific to Windows.

 10. If you encounter errors, see *Note Windows troubleshooting::.



2.3.16 MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix
-------------------------------------------------

MySQL for Windows has proven itself to be very stable. The Windows
version of MySQL has the same features as the corresponding Unix
version, with the following exceptions:

*Windows 95 and threads*
     Windows 95 leaks about 200 bytes of main memory for each thread
     creation.  Each connection in MySQL creates a new thread, so you
     shouldn't run `mysqld' for an extended time on Windows 95 if your
     server handles many connections!  Other versions of Windows don't
     suffer from this bug.

*Limited number of ports*
     Windows systems have about 4,000 ports available for client
     connections, and after a connection on a port closes, it takes two
     to four minutes before the port can be reused.  In situations
     where clients connect to and disconnect from the server at a high
     rate, it is possible for all available ports to be used up before
     closed ports become available again. If this happens, the MySQL
     server will appear to have become unresponsive even though it is
     running.  Note that ports may be used by other applications
     running on the machine as well, in which case the number of ports
     available to MySQL is lower.

     For more information, see
     `http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;196271'.

*Concurrent reads*
     MySQL depends on the `pread()' and `pwrite()' calls to be able to
     mix `INSERT' and `SELECT'.  Currently we use mutexes to emulate
     `pread()'/`pwrite()'.  We will, in the long run, replace the file
     level interface with a virtual interface so that we can use the
     `readfile()'/`writefile()' interface on NT, 2000, and XP to get
     more speed.  The current implementation limits the number of open
     files MySQL can use to 2,048 (1,024 before MySQL 4.0.19), which
     means that you will not be able to run as many concurrent threads
     on NT, 2000, and XP as on Unix.

*Blocking read*
     MySQL uses a blocking read for each connection, which has the
     following implications if named pipe connections are enabled:

        * A connection will not be disconnected automatically after
          eight hours, as happens with the Unix version of MySQL.

        * If a connection hangs, it's impossible to break it without
          killing MySQL.

        * `mysqladmin kill' will not work on a sleeping connection.

        * `mysqladmin shutdown' can't abort as long as there are
          sleeping connections.

     We plan to fix this problem when our Windows developers have
     figured out a nice workaround.

*`ALTER TABLE'*
     While you are executing an `ALTER TABLE' statement, the table is
     locked from being used by other threads.  This has to do with the
     fact that on Windows, you can't delete a file that is in use by
     another thread.  In the future, we may find some way to work
     around this problem.

*`DROP TABLE'*
     `DROP TABLE' on a table that is in use by a `MERGE' table will not
     work on Windows because the `MERGE' handler does the table mapping
     hidden from the upper layer of MySQL.  Because Windows doesn't
     allow you to drop files that are open, you first must flush all
     `MERGE' tables (with `FLUSH TABLES') or drop the `MERGE' table
     before dropping the table.  We will fix this at the same time we
     introduce views.

*`DATA DIRECTORY' and `INDEX DIRECTORY'*
     The `DATA DIRECTORY' and `INDEX DIRECTORY' options for `CREATE
     TABLE' are ignored on Windows, because Windows doesn't support
     symbolic links.  These options also are ignored on systems that
     have a non-functional `realpath()' call.

*`DROP DATABASE'*
     You cannot drop a database that is in use by some thread.

*Killing MySQL from the Task Manager*
     You cannot kill MySQL from the Task Manager or with the shutdown
     utility in Windows 95.  You must stop it with `mysqladmin
     shutdown'.

*Case-insensitive names*
     Filenames are not case sensitive on Windows, so MySQL database and
     table names are also not case sensitive on Windows.  The only
     restriction is that database and table names must be specified
     using the same case throughout a given statement.  *Note Name case
     sensitivity::.

*The `\' pathname separator character*
     Pathname components in Windows are separated by the `\' character,
     which is also the escape character in MySQL.  If you are using
     `LOAD DATA INFILE' or `SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE', use Unix-style
     filenames with `/' characters:

          mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;
          mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' FROM skr;

     Alternatively, you must double the `\' character:

          mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' INTO TABLE skr;
          mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' FROM skr;

*Problems with pipes.*
     Pipes do not work reliably from the Windows command-line prompt.
     If the pipe includes the character `^Z' / `CHAR(24)', Windows will
     think it has encountered end-of-file and abort the program.

     This is mainly a problem when you try to apply a binary log as
     follows:

          C:\> mysqlbinlog binary-log-name | mysql --user=root

     If you have a problem applying the log and suspect that it is
     because of a `^Z' / `CHAR(24)' character, you can use the
     following workaround:

          C:\> mysqlbinlog binary-log-file --result-file=/tmp/bin.sql
          C:\> mysql --user=root --execute "source /tmp/bin.sql"

     The latter command also can be used to reliably read in any SQL
     file that may contain binary data.

*`Access denied for user' error*
     If you attempt to run a MySQL client program to connect to a server
     running on the same machine, but get the error `Access denied for
     user 'SOME-USER'@'unknown' to database 'mysql'', this means that
     MySQL cannot resolve your hostname properly.

     To fix this, you should create a file named `\windows\hosts'
     containing the following information:

          127.0.0.1       localhost


Here are some open issues for anyone who might want to help us improve
MySQL on Windows:

     PD: Commented this one out as obsolete until I hear otherwise

   * Make a single-user `MYSQL.DLL' server.  This should include
     everything in a standard MySQL server, except thread creation.
     This will make MySQL much easier to use in applications that don't
     need a true client/server and don't need to access the server from
     other hosts.

   * Add some nice start and shutdown icons to the MySQL installation.

   * It would be really nice to be able to kill `mysqld' from the Task
     Manager in Windows 95.  For the moment, you must use `mysqladmin
     shutdown'.

   * Port `readline' to Windows for use in the `mysql' command-line
     tool.

   * GUI versions of the standard MySQL clients (`mysql', `mysqlshow',
     `mysqladmin', and `mysqldump') would be nice.

   * It would be nice if the socket read and write functions in `net.c'
     were interruptible. This would make it possible to kill open
     threads with `mysqladmin kill' on Windows.

   * Add macros to use the faster thread-safe increment/decrement
     methods provided by Windows.


2.4 Installing MySQL on Linux
=============================

The recommended way to install MySQL on Linux is by using the RPM
packages. The MySQL RPMs are currently built on a SuSE Linux 7.3
system, but should work on most versions of Linux that support `rpm'
and use `glibc'.  To obtain RPM packages, see *Note Getting MySQL::.

*Note*: RPM distributions of MySQL often are provided by other vendors.
Be aware that they may differ in features and capabilities from those
built by MySQL AB, and that the instructions in this manual do not
necessarily apply to installing them. The vendor's instructions should
be consulted instead.

If you have problems with an RPM file (for example, if you receive the
error "`Sorry, the host 'XXXX' could not be looked up'"), see *Note
Binary notes-Linux::.

In most cases, you only need to install the `MySQL-server' and
`MySQL-client' packages to get a functional MySQL installation. The
other packages are not required for a standard installation.  If you
want to run a MySQL-Max server that has additional capabilities, you
should also install the `MySQL-Max' RPM. However, you should do so only
_ after_ installing the `MySQL-server' RPM.  *Note `mysqld-max':
mysqld-max.

If you get a dependency failure when trying to install the MySQL 4.0
packages (for example, "`error: removing these packages would break
dependencies: libmysqlclient.so.10 is needed by ...'"), you should also
install the package `MySQL-shared-compat', which includes both the
shared libraries for backward compatibility (`libmysqlclient.so.12' for
MySQL 4.0 and `libmysqlclient.so.10' for MySQL 3.23).

Many Linux distributions still ship with MySQL 3.23 and they usually
link applications dynamically to save disk space. If these shared
libraries are in a separate package (for example, `MySQL-shared'), it is
sufficient to simply leave this package installed and just upgrade the
MySQL server and client packages (which are statically linked and do
not depend on the shared libraries). For distributions that include the
shared libraries in the same package as the MySQL server (for example,
Red Hat Linux), you could either install our 3.23 `MySQL-shared' RPM,
or use the `MySQL-shared-compat' package instead.

The following RPM packages are available:

   * `MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     The MySQL server.  You will need this unless you only want to
     connect to a MySQL server running on another machine. Note: Server
     RPM files were called `MySQL-VERSION.i386.rpm' before MySQL
     4.0.10. That is, they did not have `-server' in the name.

   * `MySQL-Max-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     The MySQL-Max server. This server has additional capabilities that
     the one provided in the `MySQL-server' RPM does not.  You must
     install the `MySQL-server' RPM first, because the `MySQL-Max' RPM
     depends on it.

   * `MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     The standard MySQL client programs. You probably always want to
     install this package.

   * `MySQL-bench-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     Tests and benchmarks. Requires Perl and the `DBD::mysql' module.

   * `MySQL-devel-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     The libraries and include files that are needed if you want to
     compile other MySQL clients, such as the Perl modules.

   * `MySQL-shared-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     This package contains the shared libraries (`libmysqlclient.so*')
     that certain languages and applications need to dynamically load
     and use MySQL.

   * `MySQL-shared-compat-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     This package includes the shared libraries for both MySQL 3.23 and
     MySQL 4.0. Install this package instead of `MySQL-shared' if you
     have applications installed that are dynamically linked against
     MySQL 3.23 but you want to upgrade to MySQL 4.0 without breaking
     the library dependencies. This package has been available since
     MySQL 4.0.13.

   * `MySQL-embedded-VERSION.i386.rpm'

     The embedded MySQL server library (from MySQL 4.0).

   * `MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm'

     This contains the source code for all of the previous packages. It
     can also be used to rebuild the RPMs on other architectures (for
     example, Alpha or SPARC).

To see all files in an RPM package (for example, a `MySQL-server' RPM),
run:

     shell> rpm -qpl MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm

To perform a standard minimal installation, run:

     shell> rpm -i MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm
     shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm

To install just the client package, run:

     shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm

RPM provides a feature to verify the integrity and authenticity of
packages before installing them. If you would like to learn more about
this feature, see *Note Verifying Package Integrity::.

The server RPM places data under the `/var/lib/mysql' directory. The
RPM also creates a login account for a user named `mysql' (if one does
not already exist) to use for running the MySQL server, and creates the
appropriate entries in `/etc/init.d/' to start the server automatically
at boot time. (This means that if you have performed a previous
installation and have made changes to its startup script, you may want
to make a copy of the script so that you don't lose it when you install
a newer RPM.) See *Note Automatic start:: for more information on how
MySQL can be started automatically on system startup.

If you want to install the MySQL RPM on older Linux distributions that
do not support initialization scripts in `/etc/init.d' (directly or via
a symlink), you should create a symbolic link that points to the
location where your initialization scripts actually are installed. For
example, if that location is `/etc/rc.d/init.d', use these commands
before installing the RPM to create `/etc/init.d' as a symbolic link
that points there:

     shell> cd /etc
     shell> ln -s rc.d/init.d .

However, all current major Linux distributions should already support
the new directory layout that uses `/etc/init.d', because it is
required for LSB (Linux Standard Base) compliance.

If the RPM files that you install include `MySQL-server', the `mysqld'
server should be up and running after installation.  You should now be
able to start using MySQL.

If something goes wrong, you can find more information in the binary
installation section. *Note Installing binary::.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.


2.5 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
================================

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.11, you can install MySQL on Mac OS X 10.2.x
("Jaguar") and up using a Mac OS X binary package in PKG format instead
of the binary tarball distribution. Please note that older versions of
Mac OS X (for example, 10.1.x) are not supported by this package.

The package is located inside a disk image (`.dmg') file that you first
need to mount by double-clicking its icon in the Finder. It should then
mount the image and display its contents.

To obtain MySQL, see *Note Getting MySQL::.

*Note*: Before proceeding with the installation, be sure to shut down
all running MySQL server instances by either using the MySQL Manager
Application (on Mac OS X Server) or via `mysqladmin shutdown' on the
command line.

To actually install the MySQL PKG file, double-click on the package
icon. This launches the Mac OS X Package Installer, which will guide
you through the installation of MySQL.

Due to a bug in the Mac OS X package installer, you may see this error
message in the destination disk selection dialog:

     You cannot install this software on this disk. (null)

If this error occurs, simply click the `Go Back' button once to return
to the previous screen. Then click `Continue' to advance to the
destination disk selection again, and you should be able to choose the
destination disk correctly. We have reported this bug to Apple and it is
investigating this problem.

The Mac OS X PKG of MySQL will install itself into
`/usr/local/mysql-VERSION' and will also install a symbolic link,
`/usr/local/mysql', pointing to the new location. If a directory named
`/usr/local/mysql' already exists, it will be renamed to
`/usr/local/mysql.bak' first. Additionally, the installer will create
the grant tables in the `mysql' database by executing `mysql_install_db'
after the installation.

The installation layout is similar to that of a `tar' file binary
distribution; all MySQL binaries are located in the directory
`/usr/local/mysql/bin'.  The MySQL socket file is created as
`/tmp/mysql.sock' by default.  *Note Installation layouts::.

MySQL installation requires a Mac OS X user account named `mysql'.  A
user account with this name should exist by default on Mac OS X 10.2
and up.

If you are running Mac OS X Server, you already have a version of MySQL
installed.  The versions of MySQL that ship with Mac OS X Server
versions are shown in the following table:

*Mac OS X Server       *MySQL Version*
Version*               
10.2-10.2.2            3.23.51
10.2.3-10.2.6          3.23.53
10.3                   4.0.14
10.3.2                 4.0.16

This manual section covers the installation of the official MySQL Mac
OS X PKG only.  Make sure to read Apple's help information about
installing MySQL: Run the "Help View" application, select "Mac OS X
Server" help, do a search for "MySQL," and read the item entitled
"Installing MySQL."

For pre-installed versions of MySQL on Mac OS X Server, note especially
that you should start `mysqld' with `safe_mysqld' instead of
`mysqld_safe' if MySQL is older than version 4.0.

If you previously used Marc Liyanage's MySQL packages for Mac OS X from
`http://www.entropy.ch', you can simply follow the update instructions
for packages using the binary installation layout as given on his pages.

If you are upgrading from Marc's 3.23.xx versions or from the Mac OS X
Server version of MySQL to the official MySQL PKG, you also need to
convert the existing MySQL privilege tables to the current format,
because some new security privileges have been added.  *Note
Upgrading-grant-tables::.

If you would like to automatically start up MySQL during system
startup, you also need to install the MySQL Startup Item. Starting with
MySQL 4.0.15, it is part of the Mac OS X installation disk images as a
separate installation package. Simply double-click the
`MySQLStartupItem.pkg' icon and follow the instructions to install it.

Note that the Startup Item need be installed only once! There is no
need to install it each time you upgrade the MySQL package later.

The Startup Item will be installed into
`/Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM'.  (Before MySQL 4.1.2, the location
was `/Library/StartupItems/MySQL', but that collided with the MySQL
Startup Item installed by Mac OS X Server.)  Startup Item installation
adds a variable `MYSQLCOM=-YES-' to the system configuration file
`/etc/hostconfig'. If you would like to disable the automatic startup
of MySQL, simply change this variable to `MYSQLCOM=-NO-'.

On Mac OS X Server, the default MySQL installation uses the variable
`MYSQL' in the `/etc/hostconfig' file.  The MySQL AB Startup Item
installer disables this variable by setting it to `MYSQL=-NO-'. This
avoids boot time conflicts with the `MYSQLCOM' variable used by the
MySQL AB Startup Item.  However, it does not shut down an already
running MySQL server. You should do that yourself.

After the installation, you can start up MySQL by running the following
commands in a terminal window. You must have administrator privileges to
perform this task.

If you have installed the Startup Item:

     shell> sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM start
     (Enter your password, if necessary)
     (Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)

For versions of MySQL older than 4.1.3, substitute
`/Library/StartupItems/MySQLCOM/MySQLCOM' with
`/Library/StartupItems/MySQL/MySQL' above.

If you don't use the Startup Item, enter the following command sequence:

     shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
     shell> sudo ./bin/mysqld_safe
     (Enter your password, if necessary)
     (Press Control-Z)
     shell> bg
     (Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)

You should now be able to connect to the MySQL server, for example, by
running `/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql'.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.

You might want to add aliases to your shell's resource file to make it
easier to access commonly used programs such as `mysql' and `mysqladmin'
from the command line. The syntax for `tcsh' is:

     alias mysql /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
     alias mysqladmin /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

For `bash', use:

     alias mysql=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
     alias mysqladmin=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

Even better, add `/usr/local/mysql/bin' to your `PATH' environment
variable. For example, add the following line to your `$HOME/.tcshrc'
file if your shell is `tcsh':

     setenv PATH ${PATH}:/usr/local/mysql/bin

If no `.tcshrc' file exists in your home directory, create it with a
text editor.

If you are upgrading an existing installation, please note that
installing a new MySQL PKG does not remove the directory of an older
installation. Unfortunately, the Mac OS X Installer does not yet offer
the functionality required to properly upgrade previously installed
packages.

To use your existing databases with the new installation, you'll need
to copy the contents of the old data directory to the new data
directory. Make sure that neither the old server nor the new one is
running when you do this.  After you have copied over the MySQL
database files from the previous installation and have successfully
started the new server, you should consider removing the old
installation files to save disk space.  Additionally, you should also
remove older versions of the Package Receipt directories located in
`/Library/Receipts/mysql-VERSION.pkg'.


2.6 Installing MySQL on NetWare
===============================

Porting MySQL to NetWare was an effort spearheaded by Novell. Novell
customers will be pleased to note that NetWare 6.5 ships with bundled
MySQL binaries, complete with an automatic commercial use license for
all servers running that version of NetWare.

MySQL for NetWare is compiled using a combination of `Metrowerks
CodeWarrior for NetWare' and special cross-compilation versions of the
GNU autotools.

The latest binary packages for NetWare can be obtained at
`http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/'.  *Note Getting MySQL::.

In order to host MySQL, the NetWare server must meet these requirements:

   * NetWare 6.5 Support Pack 2 installed and updated with the latest
     LibC, or NetWare 6.0 with Support Pack 4 installed and updated
     with the latest LibC.  NetWare 6.5 Support Pack 2 and other
     updates are available at
     `http://support.novell.com/filefinder/18197/index.html'.  NetWare
     6.0 Support Pack 4 and other updates are available at
     `http://support.novell.com/filefinder/13659/index.html'.  The
     latest LibC is available at
     `http://developer.novell.com/ndk/libc.htm'.  Steps to update LibC
     can be found here:
     `http://developer.novell.com/ndk/doc/libc/index.html?page=/ndk/doc/libc/libc_enu/data/ajjl0r0.html'

   * The system must meet Novell's minimum requirements to run the
     respective version of NetWare.

   * MySQL data, as well as the binaries themselves, must be installed
     on an NSS volume; traditional volumes are not supported.

To install MySQL for NetWare, use the following procedure:

  1. If you are upgrading from a prior installation, stop the MySQL
     server.  This is done from the server console, using the following
     command:

          SERVER:  mysqladmin -u root shutdown

  2. Log on to the target server from a client machine with access to
     the location where you will install MySQL.

  3. Extract the binary package Zip file onto the server. Be sure to
     allow the paths in the Zip file to be used. It is safe to simply
     extract the file to `SYS:\'.

     If you are upgrading from a prior installation, you may need to
     copy the data directory (for example, `SYS:MYSQL\DATA') now, as
     well as `my.cnf', if you have customized it. You can then delete
     the old copy of MySQL.

  4. You might want to rename the directory to something more
     consistent and easy to use. We recommend using `SYS:MYSQL';
     examples in this manual use this name to refer to the installation
     directory in general.

  5. At the server console, add a search path for the directory
     containing the MySQL NLMs. For example:

          SERVER:  SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN

  6. Initialize the data directory and the grant tables, if needed, by
     executing `mysql_install_db' at the server console.

  7. Start the MySQL server using `mysqld_safe' at the server console.

  8. To finish the installation, you should also add the following
     commands to `autoexec.ncf'. For example, if your MySQL
     installation is in `SYS:MYSQL' and you want MySQL to start
     automatically, you could add these lines:

          #Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
          SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
          MYSQLD_SAFE

     If you are running MySQL on NetWare 6.0, we strongly suggest that
     you use the `--skip-external-locking' option on the command line:

          #Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
          SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
          MYSQLD_SAFE --skip-external-locking

     It will also be necessary to use `CHECK TABLE' and `REPAIR TABLE'
     instead of `myisamchk', because `myisamchk' makes use of external
     locking.  External locking is known to have problems on NetWare
     6.0; the problem has been eliminated in NetWare 6.5.

     `mysqld_safe' on NetWare provides a screen presence. When you
     unload (shut down) the `mysqld_safe' NLM, the screen does not by
     default go away.  Instead, it prompts for user input:

          *<NLM has terminated; Press any key to close the screen>*

     If you want NetWare to close the screen automatically instead, use
     the `--autoclose' option to `mysqld_safe'. For example:

          #Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server
          SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
          MYSQLD_SAFE --autoclose

  9. When installing the 4.1.x version either for the first time or
     upgrading the 4.0.x version to 4.1.x, download and install Perl
     module for MySQL 4.1 from
     `http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1126'
     and PHP Extension for MySQL 4.1 from
     `http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1078'


The behavior of `mysqld_safe' on NetWare is described further in *Note
`mysqld_safe': mysqld_safe.

If there was an existing installation of MySQL on the server, be sure
to check for existing MySQL startup commands in `autoexec.ncf', and
edit or delete them as necessary.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.


2.7 Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems
===============================================

This section covers the installation of MySQL binary distributions that
are provided for various platforms in the form of compressed `tar' files
(files with a `.tar.gz' extension).  See *Note MySQL binaries:: for a
detailed list.

To obtain MySQL, see *Note Getting MySQL::.

MySQL `tar' file binary distributions have names of the form
`mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz', where `VERSION' is a number (for example,
`4.0.17'), and OS indicates the type of operating system for which the
distribution is intended (for example, `pc-linux-i686').

In addition to these generic packages, we also offer binaries in
platform-specific package formats for selected platforms.  See *Note
Quick Standard Installation:: for more information on how to install
these.

You need the following tools to install a MySQL `tar' file binary
distribution:

   * GNU `gunzip' to uncompress the distribution.

   * A reasonable `tar' to unpack the distribution. GNU `tar' is known
     to work. Some operating systems come with a pre-installed version
     of `tar' that is known to have problems.  For example, Mac OS X
     `tar' and Sun `tar' are known to have problems with long
     filenames.  On Mac OS X, you can use the pre-installed `gnutar'
     program.  On other systems with a deficient `tar', you should
     install GNU `tar' first.

If you run into problems, _please always use `mysqlbug'_ when posting
questions to a MySQL mailing list.  Even if the problem isn't a bug,
`mysqlbug' gathers system information that will help others solve your
problem.  By not using `mysqlbug', you lessen the likelihood of getting
a solution to your problem.  You will find `mysqlbug' in the `bin'
directory after you unpack the distribution.  *Note Bug reports::.

The basic commands you must execute to install and use a MySQL binary
distribution are:

     shell> groupadd mysql
     shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
     shell> cd /usr/local
     shell> gunzip < /PATH/TO/MYSQL-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
     shell> ln -s FULL-PATH-TO-MYSQL-VERSION-OS mysql
     shell> cd mysql
     shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
     shell> chown -R root  .
     shell> chown -R mysql data
     shell> chgrp -R mysql .
     shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute `bin/safe_mysqld' for
`bin/mysqld_safe' in the final command.

*Note*: This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL
accounts.  After following the procedure, proceed to *Note
Post-installation::.

A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing a
binary distribution follows:

  1. Add a login user and group for `mysqld' to run as:

          shell> groupadd mysql
          shell> useradd -g mysql mysql

     These commands add the `mysql' group and the `mysql' user.  The
     syntax for `useradd' and `groupadd' may differ slightly on
     different versions of Unix.  They may also be called `adduser' and
     `addgroup'.

     You might want to call the user and group something else instead
     of `mysql'.  If so, substitute the appropriate name in the
     following steps.

  2. Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the
     distribution, and change location into it. In the following
     example, we unpack the distribution under `/usr/local'. (The
     instructions, therefore, assume that you have permission to create
     files and directories in `/usr/local'.  If that directory is
     protected, you will need to perform the installation as `root'.)

          shell> cd /usr/local

  3. Obtain a distribution file from one of the sites listed in *Note
     Getting MySQL: Getting MySQL.  For a given release, binary
     distributions for all platforms are built from the same MySQL
     source distribution.

  4. Unpack the distribution, which will create the installation
     directory.  Then create a symbolic link to that directory:

          shell> gunzip < /PATH/TO/MYSQL-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
          shell> ln -s FULL-PATH-TO-MYSQL-VERSION-OS mysql

     The `tar' command creates a directory named `mysql-VERSION-OS'.
     The `ln' command makes a symbolic link to that directory.  This
     lets you refer more easily to the installation directory as
     `/usr/local/mysql'.

     With GNU `tar', no separate invocation of `gunzip' is necessary.
     You can replace the first line with the following alternative
     command to uncompress and extract the distribution:

          shell> tar zxvf /PATH/TO/MYSQL-VERSION-OS.tar.gz

  5. Change location into the installation directory:

          shell> cd mysql

     You will find several files and subdirectories in the `mysql'
     directory.  The most important for installation purposes are the
     `bin' and `scripts' subdirectories.

    `bin'
          This directory contains client programs and the server.  You
          should add the full pathname of this directory to your `PATH'
          environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL
          programs properly. *Note Environment variables::.

    `scripts'
          This directory contains the `mysql_install_db' script used to
          initialize the `mysql' database containing the grant tables
          that store the server access permissions.

  6. If you haven't installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL
     grant tables:

          shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

     If you run the command as `root', you should use the `--user'
     option as shown.  The value of the option should be the name of
     the login account that you created in the first step to use for
     running the server.  If you run the command while logged in as
     that user, you can omit the `--user' option.

     Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10,
     `mysql_install_db' left the server running after creating the grant
     tables.  This is no longer true; you will need to restart the
     server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.

  7. Change the ownership of program binaries to `root' and ownership
     of the data directory to the user that you will run `mysqld' as.
     Assuming that you are located in the installation directory
     (`/usr/local/mysql'), the commands look like this:

          shell> chown -R root  .
          shell> chown -R mysql data
          shell> chgrp -R mysql .

     The first command changes the owner attribute of the files to the
     `root' user. The second changes the owner attribute of the data
     directory to the `mysql' user. The third changes the group
     attribute to the `mysql' group.

  8. If you would like MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
     machine, you can copy `support-files/mysql.server' to the location
     where your system has its startup files.  More information can be
     found in the `support-files/mysql.server' script itself and in
     *Note Automatic start::.

  9. You can set up new accounts using the `bin/mysql_setpermission'
     script if you install the `DBI' and `DBD::mysql' Perl modules.
     For instructions, see *Note Perl support::.

 10. If you would like to use `mysqlaccess' and have the MySQL
     distribution in some non-standard place, you must change the
     location where `mysqlaccess' expects to find the `mysql' client.
     Edit the `bin/mysqlaccess' script at approximately line 18.
     Search for a line that looks like this:

          $MYSQL     = '/usr/local/bin/mysql';    # path to mysql executable

     Change the path to reflect the location where `mysql' actually is
     stored on your system.  If you do not do this, you will get a
     `Broken pipe' error when you run `mysqlaccess'.


After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should test your
distribution.

You can start the MySQL server with the following command:

     shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute `bin/safe_mysqld' for
`bin/mysqld_safe' in the command.

More information about `mysqld_safe' is given in *Note `mysqld_safe':
mysqld_safe.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.


2.8 MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution
==================================================

Before you proceed with the source installation, check first to see
whether our binary is available for your platform and whether it will
work for you. We put a lot of effort into making sure that our binaries
are built with the best possible options.

To obtain a source distribution for MySQL, *Note Getting MySQL::.

MySQL source distributions are provided as compressed `tar' archives
and have names of the form `mysql-VERSION.tar.gz', where VERSION is a
number like `4.0.23'.

You need the following tools to build and install MySQL from source:

   * GNU `gunzip' to uncompress the distribution.

   * A reasonable `tar' to unpack the distribution. GNU `tar' is known
     to work. Some operating systems come with a pre-installed version
     of `tar' that is known to have problems.  For example, Mac OS X
     `tar' and Sun `tar' are known to have problems with long
     filenames.  On Mac OS X, you can use the pre-installed `gnutar'
     program.  On other systems with a deficient `tar', you should
     install GNU `tar' first.

   * A working ANSI C++ compiler.  `gcc' 2.95.2 or later, `egcs' 1.0.2
     or later or `egcs 2.91.66', SGI C++, and SunPro C++ are some of the
     compilers that are known to work.  `libg++' is not needed when
     using `gcc'.  `gcc' 2.7.x has a bug that makes it impossible to
     compile some perfectly legal C++ files, such as `sql/sql_base.cc'.
     If you have only `gcc' 2.7.x, you must upgrade your `gcc' to be
     able to compile MySQL. `gcc' 2.8.1 is also known to have problems
     on some platforms, so it should be avoided if a new compiler
     exists for the platform.

     `gcc' 2.95.2 or later is recommended when compiling MySQL 3.23.x.

   * A good `make' program.  GNU `make' is always recommended and is
     sometimes required.  If you have problems, we recommend trying GNU
     `make' 3.75 or newer.

If you are using a version of `gcc' recent enough to understand the
`-fno-exceptions' option, it is _very important_ that you use this
option. Otherwise, you may compile a binary that crashes randomly. We
also recommend that you use `-felide-constructors' and `-fno-rtti' along
with `-fno-exceptions'. When in doubt, do the following:

     CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors \
            -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \
            --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
            --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

On most systems, this will give you a fast and stable binary.

If you run into problems, _please always use `mysqlbug'_ when posting
questions to a MySQL mailing list.  Even if the problem isn't a bug,
`mysqlbug' gathers system information that will help others solve your
problem.  By not using `mysqlbug', you lessen the likelihood of getting
a solution to your problem.  You will find `mysqlbug' in the `scripts'
directory after you unpack the distribution.  *Note Bug reports::.

* Menu:

* Quick install::               Source Installation Overview
* configure options::           Typical `configure' Options
* Installing source tree::      Installing from the Development Source Tree
* Compilation problems::        Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
* MIT-pthreads::                MIT-pthreads Notes
* Windows source build::        Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
* Windows client compiling::    Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows


2.8.1 Source Installation Overview
----------------------------------

The basic commands you must execute to install a MySQL source
distribution are:

     shell> groupadd mysql
     shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
     shell> gunzip < mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
     shell> cd mysql-VERSION
     shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
     shell> make
     shell> make install
     shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
     shell> cd /usr/local/mysql
     shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
     shell> chown -R root  .
     shell> chown -R mysql var
     shell> chgrp -R mysql .
     shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute `bin/safe_mysqld' for
`bin/mysqld_safe' in the final command.

If you start from a source RPM, do the following:

     shell> rpmbuild --rebuild --clean MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm

This will make a binary RPM that you can install. For older versions of
RPM, you may have to replace the command `rpmbuild' with `rpm' instead.

*Note*: This procedure does not set up any passwords for MySQL
accounts.  After following the procedure, proceed to *Note
Post-installation::, for post-installation setup and testing.

A more detailed version of the preceding description for installing
MySQL from a source distribution follows:

  1. Add a login user and group for `mysqld' to run as:

          shell> groupadd mysql
          shell> useradd -g mysql mysql

     These commands add the `mysql' group and the `mysql' user.  The
     syntax for `useradd' and `groupadd' may differ slightly on
     different versions of Unix.  They may also be called `adduser' and
     `addgroup'.

     You might want to call the user and group something else instead
     of `mysql'.  If so, substitute the appropriate name in the
     following steps.

  2. Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the
     distribution, and change location into it.

  3. Obtain a distribution file from one of the sites listed in *Note
     Getting MySQL: Getting MySQL.

  4. Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
          shell> gunzip < /PATH/TO/MYSQL-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -

     This command creates a directory named `mysql-VERSION'.

     With GNU `tar', no separate invocation of `gunzip' is necessary.
     You can use the following alternative command to uncompress and
     extract the distribution:

          shell> tar zxvf /PATH/TO/MYSQL-VERSION-OS.tar.gz

  5. Change location into the top-level directory of the unpacked
     distribution:

          shell> cd mysql-VERSION

     Note that currently you must configure and build MySQL from this
     top-level directory.  You cannot build it in a different directory.

  6. Configure the release and compile everything:

          shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
          shell> make

     When you run `configure', you might want to specify some options.
     Run `./configure --help' for a list of options.  *Note `configure'
     options: configure options, discusses some of the more useful
     options.

     If `configure' fails and you are going to send mail to a MySQL
     mailing list to ask for assistance, please include any lines from
     `config.log' that you think can help solve the problem.  Also
     include the last couple of lines of output from `configure'.  Post
     the bug report using the `mysqlbug' script.  *Note Bug reports::.

     If the compile fails, see *Note Compilation problems:: for help.

  7. Install the distribution:

          shell> make install

     If you want to set up an option file, use one of those present in
     the `support-files' directory as a template. For example:

          shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf

     You might need to run these commands as `root'.

     If you want to configure support for `InnoDB' tables, you should
     edit the `/etc/my.cnf' file, remove the `#' character before the
     option lines that start with `innodb_...', and modify the option
     values to be what you want.  See *Note Option files:: and *Note
     `InnoDB' configuration: InnoDB configuration.

  8. Change location into the installation directory:

          shell> cd /usr/local/mysql

  9. If you haven't installed MySQL before, you must create the MySQL
     grant tables:

          shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

     If you run the command as `root', you should use the `--user'
     option as shown.  The value of the option should be the name of
     the login account that you created in the first step to use for
     running the server.  If you run the command while logged in as
     that user, you can omit the `--user' option.

     Note that for MySQL versions older than 3.22.10,
     `mysql_install_db' left the server running after creating the grant
     tables.  This is no longer true; you will need to restart the
     server after performing the remaining steps in this procedure.

 10. Change the ownership of program binaries to `root' and ownership
     of the data directory to the user that you will run `mysqld' as.
     Assuming that you are located in the installation directory
     (`/usr/local/mysql'), the commands look like this:

          shell> chown -R root  .
          shell> chown -R mysql var
          shell> chgrp -R mysql .

     The first command changes the owner attribute of the files to the
     `root' user. The second changes the owner attribute of the data
     directory to the `mysql' user. The third changes the group
     attribute to the `mysql' group.

 11. If you would like MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
     machine, you can copy `support-files/mysql.server' to the location
     where your system has its startup files.  More information can be
     found in the `support-files/mysql.server' script itself and in
     *Note Automatic start::.

 12. You can set up new accounts using the `bin/mysql_setpermission'
     script if you install the `DBI' and `DBD::mysql' Perl modules.
     For instructions, see *Note Perl support::.


After everything has been installed, you should initialize and test your
distribution using this command:

     shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute `safe_mysqld' for
`mysqld_safe' in the command.

If that command fails immediately and prints `mysqld ended', you can
find some information in the `HOST_NAME.err' file in the data directory.

More information about `mysqld_safe' is given in *Note `mysqld_safe':
mysqld_safe.

*Note*: The accounts that are listed in the MySQL grant tables
initially have no passwords.  After starting the server, you should set
up passwords for them using the instructions in *Note
Post-installation::.


2.8.2 Typical `configure' Options
---------------------------------

The `configure' script gives you a great deal of control over how you
configure a MySQL source distribution.  Typically you do this using
options on the `configure' command line.  You can also affect
`configure' using certain environment variables.  *Note Environment
variables::.  For a list of options supported by `configure', run this
command:

     shell> ./configure --help

Some of the more commonly used `configure' options are described here:

   * To compile just the MySQL client libraries and client programs and
     not the server, use the `--without-server' option:

          shell> ./configure --without-server

     If you don't have a C++ compiler, `mysql' will not compile (it is
     the one client program that requires C++).  In this case, you can
     remove the code in `configure' that tests for the C++ compiler and
     then run `./configure' with the `--without-server' option. The
     compile step will still try to build `mysql', but you can ignore
     any warnings about `mysql.cc'.  (If `make' stops, try `make -k' to
     tell it to continue with the rest of the build even if errors
     occur.)

   * If you want to build the embedded MySQL library (`libmysqld.a')
     you should use the `--with-embedded-server' option.

   * If you don't want your log files and database directories located
     under `/usr/local/var', use a `configure' command something like
     one of these:

          shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
          shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local \
                     --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data

     The first command changes the installation prefix so that
     everything is installed under `/usr/local/mysql' rather than the
     default of `/usr/local'.  The second command preserves the default
     installation prefix, but overrides the default location for
     database directories (normally `/usr/local/var') and changes it to
     `/usr/local/mysql/data'.  After you have compiled MySQL, you can
     change these options with option files. *Note Option files::.

   * If you are using Unix and you want the MySQL socket located
     somewhere other than the default location (normally in the
     directory `/tmp' or `/var/run'), use a `configure' command like
     this:

          shell> ./configure \
                     --with-unix-socket-path=/usr/local/mysql/tmp/mysql.sock

     The socket filename must be an absolute pathname.  You can also
     change the location of `mysql.sock' later by using a MySQL option
     file. *Note Problems with `mysql.sock': Problems with mysql.sock.

   * If you want to compile statically linked programs (for example, to
     make a binary distribution, to get more speed, or to work around
     problems with some Red Hat Linux distributions), run `configure'
     like this:

          shell> ./configure --with-client-ldflags=-all-static \
                     --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

   * If you are using `gcc' and don't have `libg++' or `libstdc++'
     installed, you can tell `configure' to use `gcc' as your C++
     compiler:

          shell> CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configure

     When you use `gcc' as your C++ compiler, it will not attempt to
     link in `libg++' or `libstdc++'.  This may be a good idea to do
     even if you have these libraries installed, because some versions
     of them have caused strange problems for MySQL users in the past.

     The following list indicates some compilers and environment
     variable settings that are commonly used with each one.

    `gcc' 2.7.2:
               CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors"

    `egcs' 1.0.3a:
               CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors \
               -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"

    `gcc' 2.95.2:
               CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \
               -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"

    `pgcc' 2.90.29 or newer:
               CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double" CXX=gcc \
               CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double \
               -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti"


     In most cases, you can get a reasonably optimized MySQL binary by
     using the options from the preceding list and adding the following
     options to the `configure' line:

          --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
          --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

     The full `configure' line would, in other words, be something like
     the following for all recent `gcc' versions:

          CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \
          -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \
          --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
          --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

     The binaries we provide on the MySQL Web site at
     `http://www.mysql.com/' are all compiled with full optimization and
     should be perfect for most users.  *Note MySQL binaries::.  There
     are some configuration settings you can tweak to make an even
     faster binary, but these are only for advanced users.  *Note
     Compile and link options::.

     If the build fails and produces errors about your compiler or
     linker not being able to create the shared library
     `libmysqlclient.so.#' (where `#' is a version number), you can
     work around this problem by giving the `--disable-shared' option
     to `configure'.  In this case, `configure' will not build a shared
     `libmysqlclient.so.#' library.

   * By default, MySQL uses the `latin1' (ISO-8859-1) character set. To
     change the default set, use the `--with-charset' option:
          shell> ./configure --with-charset=CHARSET
     CHARSET may be one of `big5', `cp1251', `cp1257', `czech',
     `danish', `dec8', `dos', `euc_kr', `gb2312', `gbk', `german1',
     `hebrew', `hp8', `hungarian', `koi8_ru', `koi8_ukr', `latin1',
     `latin2', `sjis', `swe7', `tis620', `ujis', `usa7', or
     `win1251ukr'.  *Note Character sets::.

     As of MySQL 4.1.1, the default collation may also be specified.
     MySQL uses the `latin1_swedish_ci' collation. To change this, use
     the `--with-collation' option:

          shell> ./configure --with-collation=COLLATION

     To change both the character set and the collation, use both the
     `--with-charset' and `--with-collation' options.  The collation
     must be a legal collation for the character set.  (Use the `SHOW
     COLLATION' statement to determine which collations are available
     for each character set.)

     If you want to convert characters between the server and the
     client, you should take a look at the `SET CHARACTER SET'
     statement.  *Note `SET': SET OPTION.

     *Warning:* If you change character sets after having created any
     tables, you will have to run `myisamchk -r -q
     --set-character-set=CHARSET' on every table. Your indexes may be
     sorted incorrectly otherwise.  (This can happen if you install
     MySQL, create some tables, then reconfigure MySQL to use a
     different character set and reinstall it.)

     With the `configure' option `--with-extra-charsets=LIST', you can
     define which additional character sets should be compiled into the
     server.  LIST is either a list of character set names separated by
     spaces, `complex' to include all character sets that can't be
     dynamically loaded, or `all' to include all character sets into
     the binaries.

   * To configure MySQL with debugging code, use the `--with-debug'
     option:
          shell> ./configure --with-debug
     This causes a safe memory allocator to be included that can find
     some errors and that provides output about what is happening.
     *Note Debugging server::.

   * If your client programs are using threads, you also must compile a
     thread-safe version of the MySQL client library with the
     `--enable-thread-safe-client' configure option. This will create a
     `libmysqlclient_r' library with which you should link your threaded
     applications.  *Note Threaded clients::.

   * Options that pertain to particular systems can be found in the
     system-specific section of this manual.  *Note Operating System
     Specific Notes::.


2.8.3 Installing from the Development Source Tree
-------------------------------------------------

*Caution*: You should read this section only if you are interested in
helping us test our new code. If you just want to get MySQL up and
running on your system, you should use a standard release distribution
(either a binary or source distribution will do).

To obtain our most recent development source tree, use these
instructions:

  1. Download BitKeeper from
     `http://www.bitmover.com/cgi-bin/download.cgi'.  You will need
     Bitkeeper 3.0 or newer to access our repository.

  2. Follow the instructions to install it.

  3. After BitKeeper has been installed, first go to the directory you
     want to work from, and then use one of the following commands to
     clone the MySQL version branch of your choice:

     To clone the old 3.23 branch, use this command:

          shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-3.23 mysql-3.23

     To clone the 4.0 stable (production) branch, use this command:

          shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.0 mysql-4.0

     To clone the 4.1 stable (production) branch, use this command:

          shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1

     To clone the 5.0 development branch, use this command:

          shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-5.0 mysql-5.0

     In the preceding examples, the source tree will be set up in the
     `mysql-3.23/', `mysql-4.0/', `mysql-4.1/', or `mysql-5.0/'
     subdirectory of your current directory.

     If you are behind a firewall and can only initiate HTTP
     connections, you can also use BitKeeper via HTTP.

     If you are required to use a proxy server, set the environment
     variable `http_proxy' to point to your proxy:

          shell> export http_proxy="http://your.proxy.server:8080/"

     Now, simply replace the `bk://' with `http://' when doing a clone.
     Example:

          shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1

     The initial download of the source tree may take a while,
     depending on the speed of your connection. Please be patient.

  4. You will need GNU `make', `autoconf' 2.53 (or newer), `automake'
     1.5, `libtool' 1.5, and `m4' to run the next set of commands. Even
     though many operating systems already come with their own
     implementation of `make', chances are high that the compilation
     will fail with strange error messages. Therefore, it is highly
     recommended that you use GNU `make' (sometimes named `gmake')
     instead.

     Fortunately, a large number of operating systems already ship with
     the GNU toolchain preinstalled or supply installable packages of
     these. In any case, they can also be downloaded from the following
     locations:

        * `http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/'

        * `http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/'

        * `http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/'

        * `http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/'

        * `http://www.gnu.org/software/make/'

     If you are trying to configure MySQL 4.1 or later, you will also
     need GNU `bison' 1.75 or later.  Older versions of `bison' may
     report this error:

          sql_yacc.yy:#####: fatal error: maximum table size (32767) exceeded

     Note: The maximum table size is not actually exceeded; the error
     is caused by bugs in older versions of `bison'.

     Versions of MySQL before version 4.1 may also compile with other
     `yacc' implementations (for example, BSD `yacc' 91.7.30). For later
     versions, GNU `bison' is required.

     The following example shows the typical commands required to
     configure a source tree. The first `cd' command changes location
     into the top-level directory of the tree; replace `mysql-4.0' with
     the appropriate directory name.

          shell> cd mysql-4.0
          shell> bk -r edit
          shell> aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake
          shell> (cd innobase; aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake)
          shell> (cd bdb/dist; sh s_all)
          shell> ./configure  # Add your favorite options here
          make

     The command lines that change directory into the `innobase' and
     `bdb/dist' directories are used to configure the `InnoDB' and
     Berkeley DB (`BDB') storage engines.  You can omit these command
     lines if you to not require `InnoDB' or `BDB' support.

     If you get some strange errors during this stage, verify that you
     really have `libtool' installed.

     A collection of our standard configuration scripts is located in
     the `BUILD/' subdirectory.  You may find it more convenient to use
     the `BUILD/compile-pentium-debug' script than the preceding set of
     shell commands. To compile on a different architecture, modify the
     script by removing flags that are Pentium-specific.

  5. When the build is done, run `make install'.  Be careful with this
     on a production machine; the command may overwrite your live
     release installation.  If you have another installation of MySQL,
     we recommend that you run `./configure' with different values for
     the `--prefix', `--with-tcp-port', and `--unix-socket-path' options
     than those used for your production server.

  6. Play hard with your new installation and try to make the new
     features crash.  Start by running `make test'.  *Note MySQL test
     suite::.

  7. If you have gotten to the `make' stage and the distribution does
     not compile, please report it in our bugs database at
     `http://bugs.mysql.com/'.  If you have installed the latest
     versions of the required GNU tools, and they crash trying to
     process our configuration files, please report that also.
     However, if you execute `aclocal' and get a `command not found'
     error or a similar problem, do not report it.  Instead, make sure
     that all the necessary tools are installed and that your `PATH'
     variable is set correctly so that your shell can find them.

  8. After the initial `bk clone' operation to obtain the source tree,
     you should run `bk pull' periodically to get updates.

  9. You can examine the change history for the tree with all the diffs
     by using `bk revtool'.  If you see some funny diffs or code that
     you have a question about, do not hesitate to send email to the
     MySQL `internals' mailing list.  *Note Mailing-list::.  Also, if
     you think you have a better idea on how to do something, send an
     email message to the same address with a patch.  `bk diffs' will
     produce a patch for you after you have made changes to the source.
     If you do not have the time to code your idea, just send a
     description.

 10. BitKeeper has a nice help utility that you can access via `bk
     helptool'.

 11. Please note that any commits (made via `bk ci' or `bk citool') will
     trigger the posting of a message with the changeset to our
     internals mailing list, as well as the usual openlogging.org
     submission with just the changeset comments.  Generally, you
     wouldn't need to use commit (since the public tree will not allow
     `bk push'), but rather use the `bk diffs' method described
     previously.


You can also browse changesets, comments, and source code online. For
example, to browse this information for MySQL 4.1, go to
`http://mysql.bkbits.net:8080/mysql-4.1'.

The manual is in a separate tree that can be cloned with:

     shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysqldoc mysqldoc

There are also public BitKeeper trees for MySQL Control Center and
MyODBC. They can be cloned respectively as follows.

To clone MySQL Control center, use this command:

     shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/mysqlcc mysqlcc

To clone MyODBC, use this command:

     shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/myodbc3 myodbc3

To clone Connector/NET, use this command:

     shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/connector-net connector-net


2.8.4 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
-------------------------------------------

All MySQL programs compile cleanly for us with no warnings on Solaris
or Linux using `gcc'.  On other systems, warnings may occur due to
differences in system include files.  See *Note MIT-pthreads:: for
warnings that may occur when using MIT-pthreads.  For other problems,
check the following list.

The solution to many problems involves reconfiguring.  If you do need to
reconfigure, take note of the following:

   * If `configure' is run after it already has been run, it may use
     information that was gathered during its previous invocation.  This
     information is stored in `config.cache'.  When `configure' starts
     up, it looks for that file and reads its contents if it exists, on
     the assumption that the information is still correct.  That
     assumption is invalid when you reconfigure.

   * Each time you run `configure', you must run `make' again to
     recompile.  However, you may want to remove old object files from
     previous builds first because they were compiled using different
     configuration options.

To prevent old configuration information or object files from being
used, run these commands before re-running `configure':

     shell> rm config.cache
     shell> make clean

Alternatively, you can run `make distclean'.

The following list describes some of the problems when compiling MySQL
that have been found to occur most often:

   * If you get errors such as the ones shown here when compiling
     `sql_yacc.cc', you probably have run out of memory or swap space:

          Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal 11
          Out of virtual memory
          Virtual memory exhausted

     The problem is that `gcc' requires a huge amount of memory to
     compile `sql_yacc.cc' with inline functions.  Try running
     `configure' with the `--with-low-memory' option:

          shell> ./configure --with-low-memory

     This option causes `-fno-inline' to be added to the compile line
     if you are using `gcc' and `-O0' if you are using something else.
     You should try the `--with-low-memory' option even if you have so
     much memory and swap space that you think you can't possibly have
     run out.  This problem has been observed to occur even on systems
     with generous hardware configurations and the `--with-low-memory'
     option usually fixes it.

   * By default, `configure' picks `c++' as the compiler name and GNU
     `c++' links with `-lg++'.  If you are using `gcc', that behavior
     can cause problems during configuration such as this:

          configure: error: installation or configuration problem:
          C++ compiler cannot create executables.

     You might also observe problems during compilation related to
     `g++', `libg++', or `libstdc++'.

     One cause of these problems is that you may not have `g++', or you
     may have `g++' but not `libg++', or `libstdc++'.  Take a look at
     the `config.log' file.  It should contain the exact reason why
     your C++ compiler didn't work.  To work around these problems, you
     can use `gcc' as your C++ compiler.  Try setting the environment
     variable `CXX' to `"gcc -O3"'.  For example:

          shell> CXX="gcc -O3" ./configure

     This works because `gcc' compiles C++ sources as well as `g++'
     does, but does not link in `libg++' or `libstdc++' by default.

     Another way to fix these problems is to install `g++', `libg++',
     and `libstdc++'.  We would, however, like to recommend that you
     not use `libg++' or `libstdc++' with MySQL because this will only
     increase the binary size of `mysqld' without giving you any
     benefits.  Some versions of these libraries have also caused
     strange problems for MySQL users in the past.

     Using `gcc' as the C++ compiler is also required if you want to
     compile MySQL with RAID functionality (see *Note CREATE TABLE::
     for more info on RAID table type) and you are using GNU `gcc'
     version 3 and above. If you get errors like those following during
     the linking stage when you configure MySQL to compile with the
     option `--with-raid', try to use `gcc' as your C++ compiler by
     defining the `CXX' environment variable:

          gcc -O3 -DDBUG_OFF -rdynamic -o isamchk isamchk.o sort.o  libnisam.a
          ../mysys/libmysys.a ../dbug/libdbug.a ../strings/libmystrings.a
           -lpthread -lz -lcrypt -lnsl -lm -lpthread
          ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x79): In function
          `my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)'
          ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0xdd): In function
          `my_raid_create':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
          ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x129): In function
          `my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)'
          ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x189): In function
          `my_raid_open':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
          ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x64b): In function
          `my_raid_close':: undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)'
          collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

   * If your compile fails with errors such as any of the following,
     you must upgrade your version of `make' to GNU `make':

          making all in mit-pthreads
          make: Fatal error in reader: Makefile, line 18:
          Badly formed macro assignment
     Or:
          make: file `Makefile' line 18: Must be a separator (:
     Or:
          pthread.h: No such file or directory

     Solaris and FreeBSD are known to have troublesome `make' programs.

     GNU `make' Version 3.75 is known to work.

   * If you want to define flags to be used by your C or C++ compilers,
     do so by adding the flags to the `CFLAGS' and `CXXFLAGS'
     environment variables.  You can also specify the compiler names
     this way using `CC' and `CXX'.  For example:

          shell> CC=gcc
          shell> CFLAGS=-O3
          shell> CXX=gcc
          shell> CXXFLAGS=-O3
          shell> export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS

     See *Note MySQL binaries::, for a list of flag definitions that
     have been found to be useful on various systems.

   * If you get an error message like this, you need to upgrade your
     `gcc' compiler:

          client/libmysql.c:273: parse error before `__attribute__'

     `gcc' 2.8.1 is known to work, but we recommend using `gcc' 2.95.2
     or `egcs' 1.0.3a instead.

   * If you get errors such as those shown here when compiling `mysqld',
     `configure' didn't correctly detect the type of the last argument
     to `accept()', `getsockname()', or `getpeername()':

          cxx: Error: mysqld.cc, line 645: In this statement, the referenced
               type of the pointer value ''length'' is ''unsigned long'',
               which is not compatible with ''int''.
          new_sock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&cAddr, &length);

     To fix this, edit the `config.h' file (which is generated by
     `configure').  Look for these lines:

          /* Define as the base type of the last arg to accept */
          #define SOCKET_SIZE_TYPE XXX

     Change `XXX' to `size_t' or `int', depending on your operating
     system.  (Note that you will have to do this each time you run
     `configure' because `configure' regenerates `config.h'.)

   * The `sql_yacc.cc' file is generated from `sql_yacc.yy'.  Normally
     the build process doesn't need to create `sql_yacc.cc', because
     MySQL comes with an already generated copy.  However, if you do
     need to re-create it, you might encounter this error:

          "sql_yacc.yy", line XXX fatal: default action causes potential...

     This is a sign that your version of `yacc' is deficient.  You
     probably need to install `bison' (the GNU version of `yacc') and
     use that instead.

   * On Debian Linux 3.0, you need to install `gawk' instead of the
     default `mawk' if you want to compile MySQL 4.1 or higher with
     Berkeley DB support.

   * If you need to debug `mysqld' or a MySQL client, run `configure'
     with the `--with-debug' option, then recompile and link your
     clients with the new client library.  *Note Debugging client::.

   * If you get a compilation error on Linux (for example, SuSE Linux
     8.1 or Red Hat Linux 7.3) similar to the following one:

          libmysql.c:1329: warning: passing arg 5 of `gethostbyname_r' from
          incompatible pointer type
          libmysql.c:1329: too few arguments to function `gethostbyname_r'
          libmysql.c:1329: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer
          without a cast
          make[2]: *** [libmysql.lo] Error 1

     By default, the `configure' script attempts to determine the
     correct number of arguments by using `g++' the GNU C++ compiler.
     This test yields wrong results if `g++' is not installed. There
     are two ways to work around this problem:

        * Make sure that the GNU C++ `g++' is installed. On some Linux
          distributions, the required package is called `gpp'; on
          others, it is named `gcc-c++'.

        * Use `gcc' as your C++ compiler by setting the `CXX'
          environment variable to `gcc':
               export CXX="gcc"

     Please note that you need to run `configure' again afterward.



2.8.5 MIT-pthreads Notes
------------------------

This section describes some of the issues involved in using
MIT-pthreads.

On Linux, you should _not_ use MIT-pthreads. Use the installed
LinuxThreads implementation instead.  *Note Linux::.

If your system does not provide native thread support, you will need to
build MySQL using the MIT-pthreads package.  This includes older
FreeBSD systems, SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.4 and earlier, and some others.
*Note Which OS::.

Beginning with MySQL 4.0.2, MIT-pthreads is no longer part of the
source distribution. If you require this package, you need to download
it separately from
`http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/pthreads-1_60_beta6-mysql.tar.gz'

After downloading, extract this source archive into the top level of the
MySQL source directory. It will create a new subdirectory named
`mit-pthreads'.

   * On most systems, you can force MIT-pthreads to be used by running
     `configure' with the `--with-mit-threads' option:

          shell> ./configure --with-mit-threads

     Building in a non-source directory is not supported when using
     MIT-pthreads because we want to minimize our changes to this code.

   * The checks that determine whether to use MIT-pthreads occur only
     during the part of the configuration process that deals with the
     server code.  If you have configured the distribution using
     `--without-server' to build only the client code, clients will not
     know whether MIT-pthreads is being used and will use Unix socket
     connections by default.  Because Unix socket files do not work
     under MIT-pthreads on some platforms, this means you will need to
     use `-h' or `--host' when you run client programs.

   * When MySQL is compiled using MIT-pthreads, system locking is
     disabled by default for performance reasons.  You can tell the
     server to use system locking with the `--external-locking' option.
     This is needed only if you want to be able to run two MySQL
     servers against the same data files, which is not recommended.

   * Sometimes the pthread `bind()' command fails to bind to a socket
     without any error message (at least on Solaris).  The result is
     that all connections to the server fail.  For example:

          shell> mysqladmin version
          mysqladmin: connect to server at '' failed;
          error: 'Can't connect to mysql server on localhost (146)'

     The solution to this is to kill the `mysqld' server and restart it.
     This has only happened to us when we have forced down the server
     and done a restart immediately.

   * With MIT-pthreads, the `sleep()' system call isn't interruptible
     with `SIGINT' (break).  This is only noticeable when you run
     `mysqladmin --sleep'.  You must wait for the `sleep()' call to
     terminate before the interrupt is served and the process stops.

   * When linking, you may receive warning messages like these (at
     least on Solaris); they can be ignored:

          ld: warning: symbol `_iob' has differing sizes:
              (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
          file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
              /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken
          ld: warning: symbol `__iob' has differing sizes:
              (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4;
          file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140);
              /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken

   * Some other warnings also can be ignored:

          implicit declaration of function `int strtoll(...)'
          implicit declaration of function `int strtoul(...)'

   * We haven't gotten `readline' to work with MIT-pthreads.  (This
     isn't needed, but may be interesting for someone.)


2.8.6 Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
---------------------------------------------

These instructions describe how to build MySQL binaries from source for
versions 4.1 and above on Windows. Instructions are provided for
building binaries from a standard source distribution or from the
BitKeeper tree that contains the latest development source.

*Note*: The instructions in this document are strictly for users who
want to test MySQL on Windows from the latest source distribution or
from the BitKeeper tree.  For production use, MySQL AB does not advise
using a MySQL server built by yourself from source.  Normally, it is
best to use precompiled binary distributions of MySQL that are built
specifically for optimal performance on Windows by MySQL AB.
Instructions for installing a binary distributions are available at
*Note Windows installation::.

To build MySQL on Windows from source, you need the following compiler
and resources available on your Windows system:

   * VC++ 6.0 compiler (updated with 4 or 5 SP and pre-processor
     package).  The pre-processor package is necessary for the macro
     assembler.  More details can be found at
     `http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/downloads/updates/sp/vs6/sp5/faq.aspx'.

   * Approximately 45MB disk space.

   * 64MB RAM.


You'll also need a MySQL source distribution for Windows.  There are
two ways you can get a source distribution for MySQL version 4.1 and
above:

  1. Obtain a source distribution packaged by MySQL AB for the
     particular version of MySQL in which you are interested.
     Prepackaged source distributions are available for released
     versions of MySQL and can be obtained from
     `http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/'.

  2. You can package a source distribution yourself from the latest
     BitKeeper developer source tree. If you plan to do this, you must
     create the package on a Unix system and then transfer it to your
     Windows system.  (The reason for this is that some of the
     configuration and build steps require tools that work only on
     Unix.)  The BitKeeper approach thus requires:

        * A system running Unix, or a Unix-like system such as Linux.

        * BitKeeper 3.0 installed on that system. You can obtain
          BitKeeper from `http://www.bitkeeper.com/'.



If you are using a Windows source distribution, you can go directly to
*Note Windows VC++ Build::. To build from the BitKeeper tree, proceed to
*Note Windows BitKeeper Build::.

If you find something not working as expected, or you have suggestions
about ways to improve the current build process on Windows, please send
a message to the `win32' mailing list.  *Note Mailing-list::.

* Menu:

* Windows VC++ Build::          Building MySQL Using VC++
* Windows BitKeeper Build::     Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source


2.8.6.1 Building MySQL Using VC++
.................................

*Note*: VC++ workspace files for MySQL 4.1 and above are compatible with
Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0 and above (7.0/.NET) editions and tested by
MySQL AB staff before each release.

Follow this procedure to build MySQL:

  1. Create a work directory (for example, `C:\workdir').

  2. Unpack the source distribution in the aforementioned directory
     using `WinZip' or other Windows tool that can read `.zip' files.

  3. Start the VC++ 6.0 compiler.

  4. In the `File' menu, select `Open Workspace'.

  5. Open the `mysql.dsw' workspace you find in the work directory.

  6. From the `Build' menu, select the `Set Active Configuration' menu.

  7. Click over the screen selecting `mysqld - Win32 Debug' and click
     OK.

  8. Press `F7' to begin the build of the debug server, libraries, and
     some client applications.

  9. Compile the release versions that you want in the same way.

 10. Debug versions of the programs and libraries are placed in the
     `client_debug' and `lib_debug' directories.  Release versions of
     the programs and libraries are placed in the `client_release' and
     `lib_release' directories.  Note that if you want to build both
     debug and release versions, you can select the `Build All' option
     from the `Build' menu.

 11. Test the server.  The server built using the preceding instructions
     will expect that the MySQL base directory and data directory are
     `C:\mysql' and `C:\mysql\data' by default. If you want to test
     your server using the source tree root directory and its data
     directory as the base directory and data directory, you will need
     to tell the server their pathnames. You can either do this on the
     command line with the `--basedir' and `--datadir' options, or
     place appropriate options in an option file (the `my.ini' file in
     your Windows directory or `C:\my.cnf').  If you have an existing
     data directory elsewhere that you want to use, you can specify its
     pathname instead.

 12. Start your server from the `client_release' or `client_debug'
     directory, depending on which server you want to use. The general
     server startup instructions are at *Note Windows installation::.
     You'll need to adapt the instructions appropriately if you want to
     use a different base directory or data directory.

 13. When the server is running in standalone fashion or as a service
     based on your configuration, try to connect to it from the `mysql'
     interactive command-line utility that exists in your
     `client_release' or `client_debug' directory.


When you are satisfied that the programs you have built are working
correctly, stop the server. Then install MySQL as follows:

  1. Create the directories where you want to install MySQL.  For
     example, to install into `C:\mysql', use these commands:

          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\bin
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\data
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\share
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\scripts

     If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you
     should also create several additional directories:

          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\include
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\lib
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\lib\debug
          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\lib\opt

     If you want to benchmark MySQL, create this directory:

          C:\> mkdir C:\mysql\sql-bench

     Benchmarking requires Perl support.

  2. From the `workdir' directory, copy into the `C:\mysql' directory
     the following directories:

          C:\> cd \workdir
          C:\workdir> copy client_release\*.exe C:\mysql\bin
          C:\workdir> copy client_debug\mysqld.exe C:\mysql\bin\mysqld-debug.exe
          C:\workdir> xcopy scripts\*.* C:\mysql\scripts /E
          C:\workdir> xcopy share\*.* C:\mysql\share /E

     If you want to compile other clients and link them to MySQL, you
     should also copy several libraries and header files:

          C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\debug
          C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\debug
          C:\workdir> copy lib_debug\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\debug
          C:\workdir> copy lib_release\mysqlclient.lib C:\mysql\lib\opt
          C:\workdir> copy lib_release\libmysql.* C:\mysql\lib\opt
          C:\workdir> copy lib_release\zlib.* C:\mysql\lib\opt
          C:\workdir> copy include\*.h C:\mysql\include
          C:\workdir> copy libmysql\libmysql.def C:\mysql\include

     If you want to benchmark MySQL, you should also do this:

          C:\workdir> xcopy sql-bench\*.* C:\mysql\bench /E


Set up and start the server in the same way as for the binary Windows
distribution.  *Note Windows installation::.


2.8.6.2 Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source
............................................................................

To create a Windows source package from the current BitKeeper source
tree, use the following instructions. Please note that this procedure
must be performed on a system running a Unix or Unix-like operating
system.  For example, the procedure is known to work well on Linux.

  1. Clone the BitKeeper source tree for MySQL (version 4.1 or above,
     as desired).  For more information on how to clone the source tree,
     see the instructions at *Note Installing source tree::.

  2. Configure and build the distribution so that you have a server
     binary to work with.  One way to do this is to run the following
     command in the top-level directory of your source tree:

          shell> ./BUILD/compile-pentium-max

  3. After making sure that the build process completed successfully,
     run the following utility script from top-level directory of your
     source tree:

          shell> ./scripts/make_win_src_distribution

     This script creates a Windows source package to be used on your
     Windows system.  You can supply different options to the script
     based on your needs. It accepts the following options:

    `--help'
          Display a help message.

    `--debug'
          Print information about script operations, do not create
          package.

    `--tmp'
          Specify the temporary location.

    `--suffix'
          Suffix name for the package.

    `--dirname'
          Directory name to copy files (intermediate).

    `--silent'
          Do not print verbose list of files processed.

    `--tar'
          Create `tar.gz' package instead of `.zip' package.

     By default, `make_win_src_distribution' creates a Zip-format
     archive with the name `mysql-VERSION-win-src.zip', where VERSION
     represents the version of your MySQL source tree.

  4. Copy or upload to your Windows machine the Windows source package
     that you have just created. To compile it, use the instructions in
     *Note Windows VC++ Build::.



2.8.7 Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows
----------------------------------------

In your source files, you should include `my_global.h' before `mysql.h':

     #include <my_global.h>
     #include <mysql.h>

`my_global.h' includes any other files needed for Windows compatibility
(such as `windows.h') if you compile your program on Windows.

You can either link your code with the dynamic `libmysql.lib' library,
which is just a wrapper to load in `libmysql.dll' on demand, or link
with the static `mysqlclient.lib' library.

The MySQL client libraries are compiled as threaded libraries, so you
should also compile your code to be multi-threaded.


2.9 Post-Installation Setup and Testing
=======================================

After installing MySQL, there are some issues you should address.  For
example, on Unix, you should initialize the data directory and create
the MySQL grant tables.  On all platforms, an important security
concern is that the initial accounts in the grant tables have no
passwords.  You should assign passwords to prevent unauthorized access
to the MySQL server.  For MySQL 4.1.3 and up, you can create time zone
tables to enable recognition of named time zones. (Currently, these
tables can be populated only on Unix. This problem will be addressed
soon for Windows.)

The following sections include post-installation procedures that are
specific to Windows systems and to Unix systems. Another section, *Note
Starting server::, applies to all platforms; it describes what to do if
you have trouble getting the server to start.  *Note Default
privileges:: also applies to all platforms. You should follow its
instructions to make sure that you have properly protected your MySQL
accounts by assigning passwords to them.

When you are ready to create additional user accounts, you can find
information on the MySQL access control system and account management in
*Note Privilege system:: and *Note User Account Management::.

* Menu:

* Windows post-installation::   Windows Post-Installation Procedures
* Unix post-installation::      Unix Post-Installation Procedures
* Default privileges::          Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts


2.9.1 Windows Post-Installation Procedures
------------------------------------------

On Windows, the data directory and the grant tables do not have to be
created. MySQL Windows distributions include the grant tables already
set up with a set of preinitialized accounts in the `mysql' database
under the data directory. You do not run the `mysql_install_db' script
that is used on Unix.  However, if you did not install MySQL using the
Windows Installation Wizard, you should assign passwords to the
accounts. *Note mysql-install-wizard-introduction::.  The procedure for
this is given in *Note Default privileges::.

Before setting up passwords, you might want to try running some client
programs to make sure that you can connect to the server and that it is
operating properly.  Make sure the server is running (*note Windows
server first start::), then issue the following commands to verify that
you can retrieve information from the server.  The output should be
similar to what is shown here:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow
     +-----------+
     | Databases |
     +-----------+
     | mysql     |
     | test      |
     +-----------+

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow mysql
     Database: mysql
     +--------------+
     |    Tables    |
     +--------------+
     | columns_priv |
     | db           |
     | func         |
     | host         |
     | tables_priv  |
     | user         |
     +--------------+

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
     +------+-------+------+
     | host | db    | user |
     +------+-------+------+
     | %    | test% |      |
     +------+-------+------+

If you are running a version of Windows that supports services and you
want the MySQL server to run automatically when Windows starts, see
*Note Windows start service::.


2.9.2 Unix Post-Installation Procedures
---------------------------------------

* Menu:

* mysql_install_db::            Problems Running `mysql_install_db'
* Automatic start::             Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
* Starting server::             Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server

After installing MySQL on Unix, you need to initialize the grant tables,
start the server, and make sure that the server works okay.  You may
also wish to arrange for the server to be started and stopped
automatically when your system starts and stops.  You should also
assign passwords to the accounts in the grant tables.

On Unix, the grant tables are set up by the `mysql_install_db' program.
For some installation methods, this program is run for you
automatically:

   * If you install MySQL on Linux using RPM distributions, the server
     RPM runs `mysql_install_db'.

   * If you install MySQL on Mac OS X using a PKG distribution, the
     installer runs `mysql_install_db'.

Otherwise, you'll need to run `mysql_install_db' yourself.

The following procedure describes how to initialize the grant tables (if
that has not already been done) and then start the server. It also
suggests some commands that you can use to test whether the server is
accessible and working properly.  For information about starting and
stopping the server automatically, see *Note Automatic start::.

After you complete the procedure and have the server running, you should
assign passwords to the accounts created by `mysql_install_db'.
Instructions for doing so are given in *Note Default privileges::.

In the examples shown here, the server runs under the user ID of the
`mysql' login account. This assumes that such an account exists.
Either create the account if it does not exist, or substitute the name
of a different existing login account that you plan to use for running
the server.

  1. Change location into the top-level directory of your MySQL
     installation, represented here by BASEDIR:

          shell> cd BASEDIR

     BASEDIR is likely to be something like `/usr/local/mysql' or
     `/usr/local'.  The following steps assume that you are located in
     this directory.

  2. If necessary, run the `mysql_install_db' program to set up the
     initial MySQL grant tables containing the privileges that
     determine how users are allowed to connect to the server. You'll
     need to do this if you used a distribution type that doesn't run
     the program for you.

     Typically, `mysql_install_db' needs to be run only the first time
     you install MySQL, so you can skip this step if you are upgrading
     an existing installation, However, `mysql_install_db' does not
     overwrite any existing privilege tables, so it should be safe to
     run in any circumstances.

     To initialize the grant tables, use one of the following commands,
     depending on whether `mysql_install_db' is located in the `bin' or
     `scripts' directory:

          shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
          shell> scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

     The `mysql_install_db' script creates the data directory, the
     `mysql' database that holds all database privileges, and the `test'
     database that you can use to test MySQL. The script also creates
     privilege table entries for `root' accounts and anonymous-user
     accounts.  The accounts have no passwords initially.  A
     description of their initial privileges is given in *Note Default
     privileges::.  Briefly, these privileges allow the MySQL `root'
     user to do anything, and allow anybody to create or use databases
     with a name of `test' or starting with `test_'.

     It is important to make sure that the database directories and
     files are owned by the `mysql' login account so that the server
     has read and write access to them when you run it later. To ensure
     this, the `--user' option should be used as shown if you run
     `mysql_install_db' as `root'. Otherwise, you should execute the
     script while logged in as `mysql', in which case you can omit the
     `--user' option from the command.

     `mysql_install_db' creates several tables in the `mysql' database:
     `user', `db', `host', `tables_priv', `columns_priv', `func', and
     possibly others depending on your version of MySQL.

     If you don't want to have the `test' database, you can remove it
     with `mysqladmin -u root drop test' after starting the server.

     If you have problems with `mysql_install_db', see *Note
     `mysql_install_db': mysql_install_db.

     There are some alternatives to running the `mysql_install_db'
     script as it is provided in the MySQL distribution:

        * If you want the initial privileges to be different from the
          standard defaults, you can modify `mysql_install_db' before
          you run it.  However, a preferable technique is to use
          `GRANT' and `REVOKE' to change the privileges after the grant
          tables have been set up.  In other words, you can run
          `mysql_install_db', and then use `mysql -u root mysql' to
          connect to the server as the MySQL `root' user so that you
          can issue the `GRANT' and `REVOKE' statements.

          If you want to install MySQL on a lot of machines with the
          same privileges, you can put the `GRANT' and `REVOKE'
          statements in a file and execute the file as a script using
          `mysql' after running `mysql_install_db'. For example:

               shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
               shell> bin/mysql -u root < your_script_file

          By doing this, you can avoid having to issue the statements
          manually on each machine.

        * It is possible to re-create the grant tables completely after
          they have already been created.  You might want to do this if
          you're just learning how to use `GRANT' and `REVOKE' and have
          made so many modifications after running `mysql_install_db'
          that you want to wipe out the tables and start over.

          To re-create the grant tables, remove all the `.frm', `.MYI',
          and `.MYD' files in the directory containing the `mysql'
          database.  (This is the directory named `mysql' under the
          data directory, which is listed as the `datadir' value when
          you run `mysqld --help'.) Then run the `mysql_install_db'
          script again.

          *Note*: For MySQL versions older than 3.22.10, you should not
          delete the `.frm' files.  If you accidentally do this, you
          should copy them back into the `mysql' directory from your
          MySQL distribution before running `mysql_install_db'.

        * You can start `mysqld' manually using the
          `--skip-grant-tables' option and add the privilege
          information yourself using `mysql':

               shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --skip-grant-tables &
               shell> bin/mysql mysql

          From `mysql', manually execute the SQL commands contained in
          `mysql_install_db'.  Make sure that you run `mysqladmin
          flush-privileges' or `mysqladmin reload' afterward to tell
          the server to reload the grant tables.

          Note that by not using `mysql_install_db', you not only have
          to populate the grant tables manually, you also have to
          create them first.

  3. Start the MySQL server:

          shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

     For versions of MySQL older than 4.0, substitute `bin/safe_mysqld'
     for `bin/mysqld_safe' in this command.

     It is important that the MySQL server be run using an unprivileged
     (non-`root') login account.  To ensure this, the `--user' option
     should be used as shown if you run `mysql_safe' as `root'.
     Otherwise, you should execute the script while logged in as
     `mysql', in which case you can omit the `--user' option from the
     command.

     Further instructions for running MySQL as an unprivileged user are
     given in *Note Changing MySQL user::.

     If you neglected to create the grant tables before proceeding to
     this step, the following message will appear in the error log file
     when you start the server:

          mysqld: Can't find file: 'host.frm'

     If you have other problems starting the server, see *Note Starting
     server::.

  4. Use `mysqladmin' to verify that the server is running.  The
     following commands provide simple tests to check whether the
     server is up and responding to connections:

          shell> bin/mysqladmin version
          shell> bin/mysqladmin variables

     The output from `mysqladmin version' varies slightly depending on
     your platform and version of MySQL, but should be similar to that
     shown here:

          shell> bin/mysqladmin version
          mysqladmin  Ver 8.40 Distrib 4.0.18, for linux on i586
          Copyright (C) 2000 MySQL AB & MySQL Finland AB & TCX DataKonsult AB
          This software comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software,
          and you are welcome to modify and redistribute it under the GPL license

          Server version          4.0.18-log
          Protocol version        10
          Connection              Localhost via Unix socket
          TCP port                3306
          UNIX socket             /tmp/mysql.sock
          Uptime:                 16 sec

          Threads: 1  Questions: 9  Slow queries: 0
          Opens: 7  Flush tables: 2  Open tables: 0
          Queries per second avg: 0.000
          Memory in use: 132K  Max memory used: 16773K

     To see what else you can do with `mysqladmin', invoke it with the
     `--help' option.

  5. Verify that you can shut down the server: 

          shell> bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown

  6. Verify that you can restart the server.  Do this by using
     `mysqld_safe' or by invoking `mysqld' directly.  For example:

          shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql --log &

     If `mysqld_safe' fails, see *Note Starting server::.

  7. Run some simple tests to verify that you can retrieve information
     from the server.  The output should be similar to what is shown
     here:

          shell> bin/mysqlshow
          +-----------+
          | Databases |
          +-----------+
          | mysql     |
          | test      |
          +-----------+

          shell> bin/mysqlshow mysql
          Database: mysql
          +--------------+
          |    Tables    |
          +--------------+
          | columns_priv |
          | db           |
          | func         |
          | host         |
          | tables_priv  |
          | user         |
          +--------------+

          shell> bin/mysql -e "SELECT Host,Db,User FROM db" mysql
          +------+--------+------+
          | host | db     | user |
          +------+--------+------+
          | %    | test   |      |
          | %    | test_% |      |
          +------+--------+------+

  8. There is a benchmark suite in the `sql-bench' directory (under the
     MySQL installation directory) that you can use to compare how
     MySQL performs on different platforms. The benchmark suite is
     written in Perl. It uses the Perl DBI module to provide a
     database-independent interface to the various databases, and some
     other additional Perl modules are required to run the benchmark
     suite. You must have the following modules installed:

          DBI
          DBD::mysql
          Data::Dumper
          Data::ShowTable

     These modules can be obtained from CPAN (`http://www.cpan.org/').
     *Note Perl installation::.

     The `sql-bench/Results' directory contains the results from many
     runs against different databases and platforms.  To run all tests,
     execute these commands:

          shell> cd sql-bench
          shell> perl run-all-tests

     If you don't have the `sql-bench' directory, you probably
     installed MySQL using RPM files other than the source RPM.  (The
     source RPM includes the `sql-bench' benchmark directory.)  In this
     case, you must first install the benchmark suite before you can
     use it.  Beginning with MySQL 3.22, there are separate benchmark
     RPM files named `mysql-bench-VERSION-i386.rpm' that contain
     benchmark code and data.

     If you have a source distribution, there are also tests in its
     `tests' subdirectory that you can run. For example, to run
     `auto_increment.tst', execute this command from the top-level
     directory of your source distribution:

          shell> mysql -vvf test < ./tests/auto_increment.tst

     The expected result of the test can be found in the
     `./tests/auto_increment.res' file.

  9. At this point, you should have the server running. However, none
     of the initial MySQL accounts have a password, so you should
     assign passwords using the instructions in *Note Default
     privileges::.

As of MySQL 4.1.3, the installation procedure creates time zone tables
in the `mysql' database. However, you must populate the tables manually.
Instructions to do this are given in *Note Time zone support::.


2.9.2.1 Problems Running `mysql_install_db'
...........................................

The purpose of the `mysql_install_db' script is to generate new MySQL
privilege tables.  It will not overwrite existing MySQL privilege
tables, and it will not affect any other data.

If you want to re-create your privilege tables, first stop the `mysqld'
server if it's running. Then rename the `mysql' directory under the
data directory to save it, and then run `mysql_install_db'.  For
example:

     shell> mv mysql-data-directory/mysql mysql-data-directory/mysql-old
     shell> mysql_install_db --user=mysql

This section lists problems you might encounter when you run
`mysql_install_db':

*`mysql_install_db' doesn't install the grant tables*
     You may find that `mysql_install_db' fails to install the grant
     tables and terminates after displaying the following messages:

          Starting mysqld daemon with databases from XXXXXX
          mysqld ended

     In this case, you should examine the error log file very
     carefully.  The log should be located in the directory `XXXXXX'
     named by the error message, and should indicate why `mysqld'
     didn't start.  If you don't understand what happened, include the
     log when you post a bug report.  *Note Bug reports::.

*There is already a `mysqld' process running*
     This indicates that the server is already running, in which case
     the grant tables probably have already been created. If so, you
     don't have to run `mysql_install_db' at all because it need be run
     only once (when you install MySQL the first time).

*Installing a second `mysqld' server doesn't work when one server is running*
     This can happen when you already have an existing MySQL
     installation, but want to put a new installation in a different
     location.  For example, you might have a production installation
     already, but you want to create a second installation for testing
     purposes.  Generally the problem that occurs when you try to run a
     second server is that it tries to use a network interface that is
     already in use by the first server.  In this case, you will see
     one of the following error messages:

          Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port:
          Address already in use
          Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...

     For instructions on setting up multiple servers, see *Note
     Multiple servers::.

*You don't have write access to `/tmp'*
     If you don't have write access to create temporary files or a Unix
     socket file in the default location (the `/tmp' directory), an
     error will occur when you run `mysql_install_db' or the `mysqld'
     server.

     You can specify different temporary directory and Unix socket file
     locations by executing these commands prior to starting
     `mysql_install_db' or `mysqld':

          shell> TMPDIR=/some_tmp_dir/
          shell> MYSQL_UNIX_PORT=/some_tmp_dir/mysql.sock
          shell> export TMPDIR MYSQL_UNIX_PORT

     `some_tmp_dir' should be the full pathname to some directory for
     which you have write permission.

     After this, you should be able to run `mysql_install_db' and start
     the server with these commands:

          shell> bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
          shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

     If `mysql_install_db' is located in the `scripts' directory,
     modify the first command to use `scripts/mysql_install_db'.

     See *Note Problems with `mysql.sock': Problems with mysql.sock.
     *Note Environment variables::.



2.9.2.2 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
.................................................

Generally, you start the `mysqld' server in one of these ways:

   * By invoking `mysqld' directly. This works on any platform.

   * By running the MySQL server as a Windows service.  This can be
     done on versions of Windows that support services (such as NT,
     2000, XP, and 2003). The service can be set to start the server
     automatically when Windows starts, or as a manual service that you
     start on request.  For instructions, see *Note Windows start
     service::.

   * By invoking `mysqld_safe', which tries to determine the proper
     options for `mysqld' and then runs it with those options.  This
     script is used on systems based on BSD Unix.  *Note `mysqld_safe':
     mysqld_safe.

   * By invoking `mysql.server'.  This script is used primarily at
     system startup and shutdown on systems that use System V-style run
     directories, where it usually is installed under the name `mysql'.
     The `mysql.server' script starts the server by invoking
     `mysqld_safe'.  *Note `mysql.server': mysql.server.

   * On Mac OS X, you can install a separate MySQL Startup Item package
     to enable the automatic startup of MySQL on system startup.  The
     Startup Item starts the server by invoking `mysql.server'.  See
     *Note Mac OS X installation:: for details.


The `mysql.server' and `mysqld_safe' scripts and the Mac OS X Startup
Item can be used to start the server manually, or automatically at
system startup time. `mysql.server' and the Startup Item also can be
used to stop the server.

To start or stop the server manually using the `mysql.server' script,
invoke it with `start' or `stop' arguments:

     shell> mysql.server start
     shell> mysql.server stop

Before `mysql.server' starts the server, it changes location to the
MySQL installation directory, and then invokes `mysqld_safe'.  If you
want the server to run as some specific user, add an appropriate `user'
option to the `[mysqld]' group of the `/etc/my.cnf' option file, as
shown later in this section.  (It is possible that you'll need to edit
`mysql.server' if you've installed a binary distribution of MySQL in a
non-standard location.  Modify it to `cd' into the proper directory
before it runs `mysqld_safe'.  If you do this, your modified version of
`mysql.server' may be overwritten if you upgrade MySQL in the future,
so you should make a copy of your edited version that you can
reinstall.)

`mysql.server stop' brings down the server by sending a signal to it.
You can also stop the server manually by executing `mysqladmin
shutdown'.

To start and stop MySQL automatically on your server, you need to add
start and stop commands to the appropriate places in your `/etc/rc*'
files.

If you use the Linux server RPM package (`MySQL-server-VERSION.rpm'),
the `mysql.server' script will already have been installed in the
`/etc/init.d' directory with the name `mysql'. You need not install it
manually. See *Note Linux-RPM:: for more information on the Linux RPM
packages.

Some vendors provide RPM packages that install a startup script under a
different name such as `mysqld'.

If you install MySQL from a source distribution or using a binary
distribution format that does not install `mysql.server' automatically,
you can install it manually. The script can be found in the
`support-files' directory under the MySQL installation directory or in
a MySQL source tree.

To install `mysql.server' manually, copy it to the `/etc/init.d'
directory with the name `mysql', and then make it executable.  Do this
by changing location into the appropriate directory where
`mysql.server' is located and executing these commands:

     shell> cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
     shell> chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql

Older Red Hat systems use the `/etc/rc.d/init.d' directory rather than
`/etc/init.d'. Adjust the preceding commands accordingly. Alternatively,
first create `/etc/init.d' as a symbolic link that points to
`/etc/rc.d/init.d':

     shell> cd /etc
     shell> ln -s rc.d/init.d .

After installing the script, the commands needed to activate it to run
at system startup depend on your operating system.  On Linux, you can
use `chkconfig':

     shell> chkconfig --add mysql

On some Linux systems, the following command also seems to be necessary
to fully enable the `mysql' script:

     shell> chkconfig --level 345 mysql on

On FreeBSD, startup scripts generally should go in
`/usr/local/etc/rc.d/'. The `rc(8)' manual page states that scripts in
this directory are executed only if their basename matches the `*.sh'
shell filename pattern.  Any other files or directories present within
the directory are silently ignored. In other words, on FreeBSD, you
should install the `mysql.server' script as
`/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql.server.sh' to enable automatic startup.

As an alternative to the preceding setup, some operating systems also
use `/etc/rc.local' or `/etc/init.d/boot.local' to start additional
services on startup. To start up MySQL using this method, you could
append a command like the one following to the appropriate startup file:

     /bin/sh -c 'cd /usr/local/mysql; ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &'

For other systems, consult your operating system documentation to see
how to install startup scripts.

You can add options for `mysql.server' in a global `/etc/my.cnf' file.
A typical `/etc/my.cnf' file might look like this:

     [mysqld]
     datadir=/usr/local/mysql/var
     socket=/var/tmp/mysql.sock
     port=3306
     user=mysql

     [mysql.server]
     basedir=/usr/local/mysql

The `mysql.server' script understands the following options: `basedir',
`datadir', and `pid-file'.  If specified, they _must_ be placed in an
option file, not on the command line.  `mysql.server' understands only
`start' and `stop' as command-line arguments.

The following table shows which option groups the server and each
startup script read from option files:

*Script*       *Option Groups*
`mysqld'       `[mysqld]', `[server]', `[mysqld-major-version]'
`mysql.server' `[mysqld]', `[mysql.server]'
`mysqld_safe'  `[mysqld]', `[server]', `[mysqld_safe]'

`[mysqld-major-version]' means that groups with names like
`[mysqld-4.0]', `[mysqld-4.1]', and `[mysqld-5.0]' will be read by
servers having versions 4.0.x, 4.1.x, 5.0.x, and so forth.  This
feature was added in MySQL 4.0.14. It can be used to specify options
that will be read only by servers within a given release series.

For backward compatibility, `mysql.server' also reads the
`[mysql_server]' group and `mysqld_safe' also reads the `[safe_mysqld]'
group. However, you should update your option files to use the
`[mysql.server]' and `[mysqld_safe]' groups instead when you begin
using MySQL 4.0 or later.

*Note Option files::.


2.9.2.3 Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server
.....................................................

If you have problems starting the server, here are some things you can
try:

   * Specify any special options needed by the storage engines you are
     using.

   * Make sure that the server knows where to find the data directory.

   * Make sure the server can use the data directory.  The ownership and
     permissions of the data directory and its contents must be set
     such that the server can access and modify them.

   * Check the error log to see why the server doesn't start.

   * Verify that the network interfaces the server wants to use are
     available.


Some storage engines have options that control their behavior.  You can
create a `my.cnf' file and set startup options for the engines you plan
to use.  If you are going to use storage engines that support
transactional tables (`InnoDB', `BDB'), be sure that you have them
configured the way you want before starting the server:

   * If you are using `InnoDB' tables, refer to the `InnoDB'-specific
     startup options.  In MySQL 3.23, you must configure `InnoDB'
     explicitly or the server will fail to start.  From MySQL 4.0 on,
     `InnoDB' uses default values for its configuration options if you
     specify none.  *Note `InnoDB' configuration: InnoDB configuration.

   * If you are using `BDB' (Berkeley DB) tables, you should familiarize
     yourself with the different `BDB'-specific startup options.  *Note
     BDB start::.


When the `mysqld' server starts, it changes location to the data
directory.  This is where it expects to find databases and where it
expects to write log files. On Unix, the server also writes the pid
(process ID) file in the data directory.

The data directory location is hardwired in when the server is compiled.
This is where the server looks for the data directory by default. If
the data directory is located somewhere else on your system, the server
will not work properly.  You can find out what the default path
settings are by invoking `mysqld' with the `--verbose' and `--help'
options.  (Prior to MySQL 4.1, omit the `--verbose' option.)

If the defaults don't match the MySQL installation layout on your
system, you can override them by specifying options on the command line
to `mysqld' or `mysqld_safe'. You can also list the options in an
option file.

To specify the location of the data directory explicitly, use the
`--datadir' option. However, normally you can tell `mysqld' the
location of the base directory under which MySQL is installed and it
will look for the data directory there.  You can do this with the
`--basedir' option.

To check the effect of specifying path options, invoke `mysqld' with
those options followed by the `--verbose' and `--help' options.  For
example, if you change location into the directory where `mysqld' is
installed, and then run the following command, it will show the effect
of starting the server with a base directory of `/usr/local':

     shell> ./mysqld --basedir=/usr/local --verbose --help

You can specify other options such as `--datadir' as well, but note
that `--verbose' and `--help' must be the last options.  (Prior to
MySQL 4.1, omit the `--verbose' option.)

Once you determine the path settings you want, start the server without
`--verbose' and `--help'.

If `mysqld' is currently running, you can find out what path settings
it is using by executing this command:

     shell> mysqladmin variables

Or:

     shell> mysqladmin -h HOST_NAME variables

HOST_NAME is the name of the MySQL server host.

If you get `Errcode 13' (which means `Permission denied') when starting
`mysqld', this means that the access privileges of the data directory
or its contents do not allow the server access.  In this case, you
change the permissions for the involved files and directories so that
the server has the right to use them.  You can also start the server as
`root', but this can raise security issues and should be avoided.

On Unix, change location into the data directory and check the
ownership of the data directory and its contents to make sure the
server has access. For example, if the data directory is
`/usr/local/mysql/var', use this command:

     shell> ls -la /usr/local/mysql/var

If the data directory or its files or subdirectories are not owned by
the account that you use for running the server, change their ownership
to that account:

     shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
     shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var

If the server fails to start up correctly, check the error log file to
see if you can find out why.  Log files are located in the data
directory (typically `C:\mysql\data' on Windows, `/usr/local/mysql/data'
for a Unix binary distribution, and `/usr/local/var' for a Unix source
distribution).  Look in the data directory for files with names of the
form `HOST_NAME.err' and `HOST_NAME.log', where HOST_NAME is the name
of your server host. (Older servers on Windows use `mysql.err' as the
error log name.)  Then check the last few lines of these files.  On
Unix, you can use `tail' to display the last few lines:

     shell> tail HOST_NAME.err
     shell> tail HOST_NAME.log

The error log contains information that indicates why the server
couldn't start.  For example, you might see something like this in the
log:

     000729 14:50:10  bdb:  Recovery function for LSN 1 27595 failed
     000729 14:50:10  bdb:  warning: ./test/t1.db: No such file or directory
     000729 14:50:10  Can't init databases

This means that you didn't start `mysqld' with the `--bdb-no-recover'
option and Berkeley DB found something wrong with its own log files
when it tried to recover your databases.  To be able to continue, you
should move away the old Berkeley DB log files from the database
directory to some other place, where you can later examine them.  The
`BDB' log files are named in sequence beginning with `log.0000000001',
where the number increases over time.

If you are running `mysqld' with `BDB' table support and `mysqld' dumps
core at startup, this could be due to problems with the `BDB' recovery
log.  In this case, you can try starting `mysqld' with
`--bdb-no-recover'.  If that helps, then you should remove all `BDB'
log files from the data directory and try starting `mysqld' again
without the `--bdb-no-recover' option.

If either of the following errors occur, it means that some other
program (perhaps another `mysqld' server) is already using the TCP/IP
port or Unix socket file that `mysqld' is trying to use:

     Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use
     Can't start server: Bind on unix socket...

Use `ps' to determine whether you have another `mysqld' server running.
If so, shut down the server before starting `mysqld' again.  (If
another server is running, and you really want to run multiple servers,
you can find information about how to do so in *Note Multiple
servers::.)

If no other server is running, try to execute the command `telnet
your-host-name tcp-ip-port-number'.  (The default MySQL port number is
3306.) Then press Enter a couple of times.  If you don't get an error
message like `telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection
refused', some other program is using the TCP/IP port that `mysqld' is
trying to use.  You'll need to track down what program this is and
disable it, or else tell `mysqld' to listen to a different port with the
`--port' option.  In this case, you'll also need to specify the port
number for client programs when connecting to the server via TCP/IP.

Another reason the port might be inaccessible is that you have a
firewall running that blocks connections to it. If so, modify the
firewall settings to allow access to the port.

If the server starts but you can't connect to it, you should make sure
that you have an entry in `/etc/hosts' that looks like this:

     127.0.0.1       localhost

This problem occurs only on systems that don't have a working thread
library and for which MySQL must be configured to use MIT-pthreads.

If you can't get `mysqld' to start, you can try to make a trace file to
find the problem by using the `--debug' option.  *Note Making trace
files::.

*Note Windows troubleshooting::, for more information on troubleshooting
Windows installations.


2.9.3 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
-----------------------------------------

Part of the MySQL installation process is to set up the `mysql' database
containing the grant tables:

   * Windows distributions contain preinitialized grant tables that are
     installed automatically.

   * On Unix, the grant tables are populated by the `mysql_install_db'
     program. Some installation methods run this program for you.
     Others require that you execute it manually. For details, see
     *Note Unix post-installation::.

The grant tables define the initial MySQL user accounts and their access
privileges.  These accounts are set up as follows:

   * Two accounts are created with a username of `root'.  These are
     superuser accounts that can do anything.  The initial `root'
     account passwords are empty, so anyone can connect to the MySQL
     server as `root' _without a password_ and be granted all
     privileges.

        * On Windows, one `root' account is for connecting from the
          local host and the other allows connections from any host.

        * On Unix, both `root' accounts are for connections from the
          local host.  Connections must be made from the local host by
          specifying a hostname of `localhost' for one account, or the
          actual hostname or IP number for the other.


   * Two anonymous-user accounts are created, each with an empty
     username.  The anonymous accounts have no passwords, so anyone can
     use them to connect to the MySQL server.

        * On Windows, one anonymous account is for connections from the
          local host.  It has all privileges, just like the `root'
          accounts.  The other is for connections from any host and has
          all privileges for the `test' database or other databases
          with names that start with `test'.

        * On Unix, both anonymous accounts are for connections from the
          local host.  Connections must be made from the local host by
          specifying a hostname of `localhost' for one account, or the
          actual hostname or IP number for the other.  These accounts
          have all privileges for the `test' database or other
          databases with names that start with `test_'.



As noted, none of the initial accounts have passwords.  This means that
your MySQL installation is unprotected until you do something about it:

   * If you want to prevent clients from connecting as anonymous users
     without a password, you should either assign passwords to the
     anonymous accounts or else remove them.

   * You should assign passwords to the MySQL `root' accounts.


The following instructions describe how to set up passwords for the
initial MySQL accounts, first for the anonymous accounts and then for
the `root' accounts.  Replace "NEWPWD" in the examples with the actual
password that you want to use.  The instructions also cover how to
remove the anonymous accounts, should you prefer not to allow anonymous
access at all.

You might want to defer setting the passwords until later, so that you
don't need to specify them while you perform additional setup or
testing.  However, be sure to set them before using your installation
for any real production work.

To assign passwords to the anonymous accounts, you can use either `SET
PASSWORD' or `UPDATE'.  In both cases, be sure to encrypt the password
using the `PASSWORD()' function.

To use `SET PASSWORD' on Windows, do this:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'%' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');

To use `SET PASSWORD' on Unix, do this:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'localhost' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ''@'HOST_NAME' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');

In the second `SET PASSWORD' statement, replace HOST_NAME with the name
of the server host.  This is the name that is specified in the `Host'
column of the non-`localhost' record for `root' in the `user' table.
If you don't know what hostname this is, issue the following statement
before using `SET PASSWORD':

     mysql> SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;

Look for the record that has `root' in the `User' column and something
other than `localhost' in the `Host' column. Then use that `Host' value
in the second `SET PASSWORD' statement.

The other way to assign passwords to the anonymous accounts is by using
`UPDATE' to modify the `user' table directly.  Connect to the server as
`root' and issue an `UPDATE' statement that assigns a value to the
`Password' column of the appropriate `user' table records.  The
procedure is the same for Windows and Unix.  The following `UPDATE'
statement assigns a password to both anonymous accounts at once:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('NEWPWD')
         ->     WHERE User = '';
     mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

After you update the passwords in the `user' table directly using
`UPDATE', you must tell the server to re-read the grant tables with
`FLUSH PRIVILEGES'. Otherwise, the change will go unnoticed until you
restart the server.

If you prefer to remove the anonymous accounts instead, do so as
follows:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE User = '';
     mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

The `DELETE' statement applies both to Windows and to Unix.  On
Windows, if you want to remove only the anonymous account that has the
same privileges as `root', do this instead:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE Host='localhost' AND User='';
     mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

This account allows anonymous access but has full privileges, so
removing it improves security.

You can assign passwords to the `root' accounts in several ways. The
following discussion demonstrates three methods:

   * Use the `SET PASSWORD' statement

   * Use the `mysqladmin' command-line client program

   * Use the `UPDATE' statement

To assign passwords using `SET PASSWORD', connect to the server as
`root' and issue two `SET PASSWORD' statements.  Be sure to encrypt the
password using the `PASSWORD()' function.

For Windows, do this:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'%' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');

For Unix, do this:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');
     mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'HOST_NAME' = PASSWORD('NEWPWD');

In the second `SET PASSWORD' statement, replace HOST_NAME with the name
of the server host.  This is the same hostname that you used when you
assigned the anonymous account passwords.

To assign passwords to the `root' accounts using `mysqladmin', execute
the following commands:

     shell> mysqladmin -u root password "NEWPWD"
     shell> mysqladmin -u root -h HOST_NAME password "NEWPWD"

These commands apply both to Windows and to Unix.  In the second
command, replace HOST_NAME with the name of the server host.  The double
quotes around the password are not always necessary, but you should use
them if the password contains spaces or other characters that are
special to your command interpreter.

If you are using a server from a _very_ old version of MySQL, the
`mysqladmin' commands to set the password will fail with the message
`parse error near 'SET password''.  The solution to this problem is to
upgrade the server to a newer version of MySQL.

You can also use `UPDATE' to modify the `user' table directly.  The
following `UPDATE' statement assigns a password to both `root' accounts
at once:

     shell> mysql -u root
     mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD('NEWPWD')
         ->     WHERE User = 'root';
     mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

The `UPDATE' statement applies both to Windows and to Unix.

After the passwords have been set, you must supply the appropriate
password whenever you connect to the server.  For example, if you want
to use `mysqladmin' to shut down the server, you can do so using this
command:

     shell> mysqladmin -u root -p shutdown
     Enter password: (enter root password here)

*Note*: If you forget your `root' password after setting it up, the
procedure for resetting it is covered in *Note Resetting permissions::.

To set up new accounts, you can use the `GRANT' statement. For
instructions, see *Note Adding users::.


2.10 Upgrading MySQL
====================

As a general rule, we recommend that when upgrading from one release
series to another, you should go to the next series rather than
skipping a series. For example, if you currently are running MySQL 3.23
and wish to upgrade to a newer series, upgrade to MySQL 4.0 rather than
to 4.1 or 5.0.

The following items form a checklist of things you should do whenever
you perform an upgrade:

   * Read the upgrading section for the release series to which you are
     upgrading.  Read the change notes as well.  These provide
     information about new features you can use.  For example, before
     upgrading from MySQL 4.1 to 5.0, read the 5.0 upgrading section
     (*note Upgrading-from-4.1::) and read the 5.0 change notes (*note
     News::).

   * Before you do an upgrade, back up your databases.

   * If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, see *Note Windows
     upgrading::.

   * An upgrade may involve changes to the grant tables that are stored
     in the `mysql' database. Occasionally new columns or tables are
     added to support new features.  To take advantage of these
     features, be sure that your grant tables are up to date.  The
     upgrade procedure is described in *Note Upgrading-grant-tables::.

   * If you are using replication, see *Note Replication Upgrade:: for
     information on upgrading your replication setup.

   * If you install a MySQL-Max distribution that includes a server
     named `mysqld-max', then upgrade later to a non-Max version of
     MySQL, `mysqld_safe' will still attempt to run the old `mysqld-max'
     server.  If you perform such an upgrade, you should manually
     remove the old `mysqld-max' server to ensure that `mysqld_safe'
     runs the new `mysqld' server.


You can always move the MySQL format files and data files between
different versions on the same architecture as long as you stay within
versions for the same release series of MySQL. The current production
release series is 4.1. If you change the character set when running
MySQL, you must run `myisamchk -r -q --set-character-set=CHARSET' on
all `MyISAM' tables.  Otherwise, your indexes may not be ordered
correctly, because changing the character set may also change the sort
order.

Normally you can upgrade MySQL to a newer MySQL version without having
to do any changes to your tables.  Please confirm if the upgrade notes
to the particular version you are upgrading to tells you anything about
this.  If there would be any incompatibilites you can use `mysqldump'
to dump your tables before upgrading. After upgrading, reload the dump
file using `mysql' or `mysqlimport' to re-create your tables.

If you are cautious about using new versions, you can always rename
your old `mysqld' before installing a newer one. For example, if you
are using MySQL 4.0.18 and want to upgrade to 4.1.1, rename your
current server from `mysqld' to `mysqld-4.0.18'.  If your new `mysqld'
then does something unexpected, you can simply shut it down and restart
with your old `mysqld'.

If, after an upgrade, you experience problems with recompiled client
programs, such as `Commands out of sync' or unexpected core dumps, you
probably have used old header or library files when compiling your
programs.  In this case, you should check the date for your `mysql.h'
file and `libmysqlclient.a' library to verify that they are from the new
MySQL distribution.  If not, recompile your programs with the new
headers and libraries.

If problems occur, such as that the new `mysqld' server doesn't want to
start or that you can't connect without a password, verify that you
don't have some old `my.cnf' file from your previous installation.  You
can check this with the `--print-defaults' option (for example, `mysqld
--print-defaults').  If this displays anything other than the program
name, you have an active `my.cnf' file that affects server or client
operation.

It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the Perl `DBD::mysql' module
whenever you install a new release of MySQL. The same applies to other
MySQL interfaces as well, such as the PHP `mysql' extension and the
Python `MySQLdb' module.

* Menu:

* Upgrading-from-4.1::          Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0
* Upgrading-from-4.0::          Upgrading from Version 4.0 to 4.1
* Upgrading-from-3.23::         Upgrading from Version 3.23 to 4.0
* Upgrading-from-3.22::         Upgrading from Version 3.22 to 3.23
* Upgrading-from-3.21::         Upgrading from Version 3.21 to 3.22
* Upgrading-from-3.20::         Upgrading from Version 3.20 to 3.21
* Upgrading-grant-tables::      Upgrading the Grant Tables
* Upgrading-to-arch::           Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine


2.10.1 Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0
----------------------------------------

In general, you should do the following when upgrading to MySQL 5.0
from 4.1:

   * Check the items in the change list found later in this section to
     see whether any of them might affect your applications.

   * Read the 5.0 news items to see what significant new features you
     can use in 5.0.  *Note News-5.0.x::.

   * If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, see *Note Windows
     upgrading::.  Also, two of the Windows MySQL servers were renamed.
     *Note Windows select server::.

   * MySQL 5.0 adds support for stored procedures. This support
     requires the `proc' table in the `mysql' database.  To create this
     file, you should run the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script as
     described in *Note Upgrading-grant-tables::.

   * MySQL 5.0 adds support for views. This support requires the extra
     privilege columns in the `user' and `db' tables in the `mysql'
     database.  To create these columns, you should run the
     `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script as described in *Note
     Upgrading-grant-tables::.

   * If you are using replication, see *Note Replication Upgrade:: for
     information on upgrading your replication setup.

   * MySQL 5.0.2 adds several new SQL modes that allow stricter control
     over rejecting records that have invalid or missing values.  *Note
     Server SQL mode::.  *Note constraint invalid data::.  If you want
     to enable this control but continue to use MySQL's capability for
     storing incorrect dates such as `'2004-02-31'', you should start
     the server with `--sql_mode=TRADITIONAL,ALLOW_INVALID_DATES'.

   * As of MySQL 5.0.2, the `SCHEMA' and `SCHEMAS' keywords are
     accepted as synonyms for `DATABASE' and `DATABASES'.

   * The update log is removed in MySQL 5.0.


The following list describes changes that may affect applications and
that you should watch out for when upgrading to version 5.0:

   * The update log is removed, so if you enabled it in the past, you
     should enable the binary log instead.  *Note News-5.0.x::.

   * User variables now are not case sensitive. In MySQL 4.1, `SET @x =
     0; SET @X = 1; SELECT @x;' creates two variables and returns `0'.
     In MySQL 5.0, it creates one variable and returns `1'.

   * API change: the `reconnect' flag in the `MYSQL' structure is now
     set to 0 by `mysql_real_connect()'. Only those client programs
     which didn't explicitely set this flag to 0 or 1 after
     `mysql_real_connect()' will experience a change. Having automatic
     reconnection enabled by default was considered too dangerous
     (after reconnection, table locks, temporary tables, user and
     session variables are lost).



2.10.2 Upgrading from Version 4.0 to 4.1
----------------------------------------

In general, you should do the following when upgrading to MySQL 4.1
from 4.0:

   * Check the items in the change lists found later in this section to
     see whether any of them might affect your applications. Some of
     them result in incompatibilities with earlier versions.

   * Read the 4.1 news items to see what significant new features you
     can use in 4.1.  *Note News-4.1.x::.

   * Character set support has been improved. The server now supports
     multiple character sets.

   * *Important note:* MySQL 4.1 stores table names and column names in
     `UTF8'. If you have table names or column names that use
     characters outside of the standard 7-bit US-ASCII range, you may
     have to do a `mysqldump' of your tables in MySQL 4.0 and restore
     them after upgrading to MySQL 4.1.  The symptom for this problem
     is that you get a `table not found' error when trying to access
     your tables. In this case, you should be able to downgrade back to
     MySQL 4.0 and access your data.

   * If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, see *Note Windows
     upgrading::.

   * After upgrading, update the grant tables to have the new longer
     `Password' column that is needed for more secure handling of
     passwords.  The procedure uses `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' and is
     described in *Note Upgrading-grant-tables::.  If you don't do
     this, MySQL will not us the new more secure protocol to
     authenticate.  Implications of the password-handling change for
     applications are given later in this section.

   * If you are using replication, see *Note Replication Upgrade:: for
     information on upgrading your replication setup.

   * The Berkeley DB table handler is updated to DB 4.1 (from 3.2)
     which has a new log format. If you have to downgrade back to 4.0
     you must use `mysqldump' to dump your `BDB' tables in text format
     and delete all `log.XXXXXXXXXX' files before you start MySQL 4.0
     and reload the data.

   * MySQL 4.1.3 introduces support for per-connection time zones.
     *Note Time zone support::. To enable recognition of named time
     zones, you should create the time zone tables in the `mysql'
     database.  For instructions, see *Note Post-installation::.

   * If you are using an old `DBD-mysql' module (`Msql-MySQL-modules')
     you have to upgrade to use the newer `DBD-mysql' module. Anything
     above `DBD-mysql' 2.xx should be fine.

     If you don't upgrade, some methods (such as `DBI->do()') will not
     notice error conditions correctly.

   * The `--defaults-file=option-file-name' option now will give an
     error if the option file doesn't exist.

   * Some notes about upgrading from MySQL 4.0 to MySQL 4.1 on Netware:
     Make sure to upgrade Perl and PHP versions. Download and install
     Perl module for MySQL 4.1 from
     `http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1126'
     and PHP Extension for MySQL 4.1 from
     `http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1078'.


Several visible behaviors have changed between MySQL 4.0 and MySQL 4.1
to fix some critical bugs and make MySQL more compatible with standard
SQL.  These changes may affect your applications.

Some of the 4.1 behaviors can be tested in 4.0 before performing a full
upgrade to 4.1. We have added to later MySQL 4.0 releases (from 4.0.12
on) a `--new' startup option for `mysqld'.  *Note Server options::.

This option gives you the 4.1 behavior for the most critical changes.
You can also enable these behaviors for a given client connection with
the `SET @@new=1' command, or turn them off if they are on with `SET
@@new=0'.

If you believe that some of the 4.1 changes will affect you, we
recommend that before upgrading to 4.1, you download the latest MySQL
4.0 version and run it with the `--new' option by adding the following
to your config file:

     [mysqld-4.0]
     new

That way you can test the new behaviors in 4.0 to make sure that your
applications work with them. This will help you have a smooth, painless
transition when you perform a full upgrade to 4.1 later. Putting the
`--new' option in the `[mysqld-4.0]' option group ensures that you
don't accidentally later run the 4.1 version with the `--new' option.

The following lists describe changes that may affect applications and
that you should watch out for when upgrading to version 4.1:

*Server Changes:*

   * All tables and string columns now have a character set.  *Note
     Charset::.  Character set information is displayed by `SHOW CREATE
     TABLE' and `mysqldump'.  (MySQL versions 4.0.6 and above can read
     the new dump files; older versions cannot.)  This change should
     not affect applications that use only one character set.

   * If you have table columns that store character data represented in
     a character set that the 4.1 server now supports directly, you can
     convert the columns to the proper character set using the
     instructions in *Note Charset-conversion::.  Also, database,
     table, and column identifiers now are stored internally using
     Unicode (UTF8) regardless of the default character set.  *Note
     Legal names::.

   * *Incompatible change:* There are conditions under which you should
     rebuild tables.  In general, to rebuild a table, dump it with
     `mysqldump' and reload the dump file.  Some items in the following
     list indicate alternatives means for rebuilding.

        - If you have created or used `InnoDB' tables with `TIMESTAMP'
          columns in MySQL versions 4.1.0 to 4.1.3, you have to rebuild
          those tables when you upgrade to MySQL 4.1.4 or later. The
          storage format in those MySQL versions for a `TIMESTAMP'
          column was incorrect. If you upgrade from MySQL 4.0 to 4.1.4
          or later, then no rebuild of tables with `TIMESTAMP' columns
          is needed.

        - Starting from MySQL 4.1.3, `InnoDB' uses the same character
          set comparison functions as MySQL for non-`latin1_swedish_ci'
          character strings that are not `BINARY'.  This changes the
          sorting order of space and characters with a code < ASCII(32)
          in those character sets.  For `latin1_swedish_ci' character
          strings and `BINARY' strings, `InnoDB' uses its own
          pad-spaces-at-end comparison method, which stays unchanged.
          If you have an `InnoDB' table created with MySQL 4.1.2 or
          earlier, with an index on a non-`latin1' character set (in
          the case of 4.1.0 and 4.1.1, with any character set) and the
          table contains any `CHAR'/`VARCHAR'/or `TEXT' columns that are
          not `BINARY' but may contain characters with a code <
          ASCII(32), then you should do `ALTER TABLE' or `OPTIMIZE
          TABLE' on it to regenerate the index, after upgrading to
          MySQL 4.1.3 or later.  Also, `MyISAM' tables have to be
          rebuilt or repaired in these cases.

        - If you have used column prefix indexes on UTF8 columns or
          other multibyte character set columns in MySQL 4.1.0 to
          4.1.5, you must rebuild the tables when you upgrade to MySQL
          4.1.6 or later.

        - If you have used accent characters (characters with byte
          values of 128 to 255) in database names, table names,
          constraint names, or column names in versions of MySQL
          earlier than 4.1, you cannot upgrade to MySQL 4.1 directly,
          because 4.1 uses UTF8 to store metadata names. Use `RENAME
          TABLE' to overcome this if the accent character is in the
          table name or the database name, or rebuild the table.


   * *Incompatible change:* MySQL now interprets length specifications
     in character column definitions in characters. (Earlier versions
     interpret them in bytes.)  For example, `CHAR(N)' now means N
     characters, not N bytes.

     For single-byte character sets, this change makes no difference.
     However, if you upgrade to MySQL 4.1 and configure the server to
     use a multi-byte character set, the apparent length of character
     columns will change. Suppose that a 4.0 table contains a `CHAR(8)'
     column used to store `ujis' characters. Eight bytes can store from
     two to four `ujis' characters.  If you upgrade to 4.1 and
     configure the server to use `ujis' as its default character set,
     the server interprets character column lengths based on the
     maximum size of a `ujis' character, which is three bytes.  The
     number of three-byte characters that fit in eight bytes is two.
     Consequently, if you use `SHOW CREATE TABLE' to view the table
     definition, MySQL displays `CHAR(2)'.  You can retrieve existing
     data from the table, but you will be able to store new values
     containing only up to two characters. To correct this issue, use
     `ALTER TABLE' to change the column definition. For example:

          ALTER TABLE TBL_NAME MODIFY COL_NAME CHAR(8);

   * The table definition format used in `.frm' files has changed
     slightly in 4.1.  MySQL 4.0 versions from 4.0.11 on can read the
     new `.frm' format directly, but older versions cannot.  If you
     need to move tables from 4.1 to a version earlier than 4.0.11, you
     should use `mysqldump'.  *Note `mysqldump': mysqldump.

   * *Important note:* If you upgrade to MySQL 4.1.1 or higher, it is
     difficult to downgrade back to 4.0 or 4.1.0! That is because, for
     earlier versions, `InnoDB' is not aware of multiple tablespaces.

   * *Incompatible change:* In connection with the support for
     per-connection time zones in MySQL 4.1.3, the `timezone' system
     variable was renamed to `system_time_zone'.

   * Windows servers now support connections from local clients using
     shared memory if run with the `--shared-memory' option.  If you
     are running multiple servers this way on the same Windows machine,
     you should use a different `--shared-memory-base-name' option for
     each server.

   * The interface to aggregated UDF functions has changed a bit. You
     must now declare a `xxx_clear()' function for each aggregate
     function `XXX()'.


*Client Changes:*

   * `mysqldump' now has the `--opt' and `--quote-names' options
     enabled by default. You can turn them off with `--skip-opt' and
     `--skip-quote-names'.


*SQL Changes:*

   * *Incompatible change:* In MySQL 4.1.2, the `Type' column in the
     output from `SHOW TABLE STATUS' was renamed to `Engine'.

   * *Incompatible change:* String comparison now works according to
     SQL standard: Instead of stripping end spaces before comparison,
     we now extend the shorter string with spaces.  The problem with
     this is that now `'a' > 'a\t'', which it wasn't before.  If you
     have any tables where you have a `CHAR' or `VARCHAR' column in
     which the last character in the column may be less than
     `ASCII(32)', you should use `REPAIR TABLE' or `myisamchk' to
     ensure that the table is correct.

   * When using multiple-table `DELETE' statements, you should use the
     alias of the tables from which you want to delete, not the actual
     table name.  For example, instead of doing this:

          DELETE test FROM test AS t1, test2 WHERE ...

     Do this:

          DELETE t1 FROM test AS t1, test2 WHERE ...

     This corrects a problem that was present in MySQL 4.0.

   * *Incompatible change:* `TIMESTAMP' is now returned as a string in
     `'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'' format (from 4.0.12 the `--new' option can
     be used to make a 4.0 server behave as 4.1 in this respect).
     *Note `TIMESTAMP' 4.1: TIMESTAMP 4.1.

     If you want to have the value returned as a number (as MySQL 4.0
     does) you should add `+0' to `TIMESTAMP' columns when you retrieve
     them:

          mysql> SELECT ts_col + 0 FROM TBL_NAME;

     Display widths for `TIMESTAMP' columns are no longer supported.
     For example, if you declare a column as `TIMESTAMP(10)', the `(10)'
     is ignored.

     These changes were necessary for SQL standards compliance. In a
     future version, a further change will be made (backward compatible
     with this change), allowing the timestamp length to indicate the
     desired number of digits for fractions of a second.

   * *Incompatible change:* Binary values such as `0xFFDF' now are
     assumed to be strings instead of numbers.  This fixes some
     problems with character sets where it's convenient to input a
     string as a binary value.  With this change, you should use
     `CAST()' if you want to compare binary values numerically as
     integers:

          mysql> SELECT CAST(0xFEFF AS UNSIGNED INTEGER)
              ->        < CAST(0xFF AS UNSIGNED INTEGER);
                  -> 0

     If you don't use `CAST()', a lexical string comparison will be
     done:

          mysql> SELECT 0xFEFF < 0xFF;
                  -> 1

     Using binary items in a numeric context or comparing them using the
     `=' operator should work as before.  (The `--new' option can be
     used from 4.0.13 on to make a 4.0 server behave as 4.1 in this
     respect.)

   * For functions that produce a `DATE', `DATETIME', or `TIME' value,
     the result returned to the client now is fixed up to have a
     temporal type. For example, in MySQL 4.1, you get this result:

          mysql> SELECT CAST('2001-1-1' AS DATETIME);
                 -> '2001-01-01 00:00:00'

     In MySQL 4.0, the result is different:

          mysql> SELECT CAST('2001-1-1' AS DATETIME);
                 -> '2001-01-01'

   * `DEFAULT' values no longer can be specified for `AUTO_INCREMENT'
     columns. (In 4.0, a `DEFAULT' value is silently ignored; in 4.1,
     an error occurs.)

   * `LIMIT' no longer accepts negative arguments.  Use some large
     number (maximum 18446744073709551615) instead of -1.

   * `SERIALIZE' is no longer a valid mode value for the `sql_mode'
     variable.  You should use `SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL
     SERIALIZABLE' instead. `SERIALIZE' is no longer valid for the
     `--sql-mode' option for `mysqld', either. Use
     `--transaction-isolation=SERIALIZABLE' instead.


*C API Changes:*

   * *Incompatible change:* The `mysql_shutdown()' C API function has
     an extra parameter as of MySQL 4.1.3: `SHUTDOWN'-level. You should
     convert any `mysql_shutdown(X)' call you have in your application
     to `mysql_shutdown(X,SHUTDOWN_DEFAULT)'.

   * Some C API calls such as `mysql_real_query()' now return `1' on
     error, not `-1'.  You may have to change some old applications if
     they use constructs like this:

          if (mysql_real_query(mysql_object, query, query_length) == -1)
          {
            printf("Got error");
          }

     Change the call to test for a non-zero value instead:

          if (mysql_real_query(mysql_object, query, query_length) != 0)
          {
            printf("Got error");
          }


*Password-Handling Changes:*

The password hashing mechanism has changed in 4.1 to provide better
security, but this may cause compatibility problems if you still have
clients that use the client library from 4.0 or earlier.  (It is very
likely that you will have 4.0 clients in situations where clients
connect from remote hosts that have not yet upgraded to 4.1.)  The
following list indicates some possible upgrade strategies.  They
represent various tradeoffs between the goal of compatibility with old
clients and the goal of security.

   * Only upgrade the client to use 4.1 client libraries (not the
     server). No behavior will change (except the return value of some
     API calls), but you cannot use any of the new features provided by
     the 4.1 client/server protocol, either.  (MySQL 4.1 has an
     extended client/server protocol that offers such features as
     prepared statements and multiple result sets.)  *Note C API
     Prepared statements::.

   * Upgrade to 4.1 and run the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script to
     widen the `Password' column in the `user' table so that it can
     hold long password hashes.  But run the server with the
     `--old-passwords' option to provide backward compatibility that
     allows pre-4.1 clients to continue to connect to their short-hash
     accounts.  Eventually, when all your clients are upgraded to 4.1,
     you can stop using the `--old-passwords' server option. You can
     also change the passwords for your MySQL accounts to use the new
     more secure format.

   * Upgrade to 4.1 and run the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script to
     widen the `Password' column in the `user' table.  If you know that
     all clients also have been upgraded to 4.1, don't run the server
     with the `--old-passwords' option.  Instead, change the passwords
     on all existing accounts so that they have the new format.  A
     pure-4.1 installation is the most secure.

   * Some notes about upgrading from MySQL 4.0 to MySQL 4.1 on Netware:
     Make sure to upgrade Perl and PHP versions. Download Perl 5 for
     Netware from http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/?perl5)
     and PHP from http://forge.novell.com/modules/xfmod/project/?php.


Further background on password hashing with respect to client
authentication and password-changing operations may be found in *Note
Password hashing:: and *Note Old client::.


2.10.3 Upgrading from Version 3.23 to 4.0
-----------------------------------------

In general, you should do the following when upgrading to MySQL 4.0
from 3.23:

   * Check the items in the change lists found later in this section to
     see whether any of them might affect your applications.

   * Read the 4.0 news items to see what significant new features you
     can use in 4.0.  *Note News-4.0.x::.

   * If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, see *Note Windows
     upgrading::.

   * After upgrading, update the grant tables to add new privileges and
     features.  The procedure uses the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables'
     script and is described in *Note Upgrading-grant-tables::.

   * If you are using replication, see *Note Replication Upgrade:: for
     information on upgrading your replication setup.

   * Edit any MySQL startup scripts or option files to not use any of
     the deprecated options described later in this section.

   * Convert your old `ISAM' files to `MyISAM' files. One way to do this
     is with the `mysql_convert_table_format' script. (This is a Perl
     script; it requires that DBI be installed.) To convert the tables
     in a given database, use this command:

          shell> mysql_convert_table_format database DB_NAME

     Note that this should be used only if all tables in the given
     database are `ISAM' or `MyISAM' tables. To avoid converting tables
     of other types to `MyISAM', you can explicitly list the names of
     your `ISAM' tables after the database name on the command line.

     Individual tables can be changed to `MyISAM' by using the following
     `ALTER TABLE' statement for each table to be converted:

          mysql> ALTER TABLE TBL_NAME TYPE=MyISAM;

     If you are not sure of the table type for a given table, use this
     statement:

          mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'TBL_NAME';

   * Ensure that you don't have any MySQL clients that use shared
     libraries (like the Perl `DBD::mysql' module). If you do, you
     should recompile them, because the data structures used in
     `libmysqlclient.so' have changed.  The same applies to other MySQL
     interfaces as well, such as the Python `MySQLdb' module.


MySQL 4.0 will work even if you don't perform the preceding actions,
but you will not be able to use the new security privileges in MySQL
4.0 and you may run into problems when upgrading later to MySQL 4.1 or
newer.  The `ISAM' file format still works in MySQL 4.0, but is
deprecated and is not compiled in by default as of MySQL 4.1. `MyISAM'
tables should be used instead.

Old clients should work with a MySQL 4.0 server without any problems.

Even if you perform the preceding actions, you can still downgrade to
MySQL 3.23.52 or newer if you run into problems with the MySQL 4.0
series.  In this case, you must use `mysqldump' to dump any tables that
use full-text indexes and reload the dump file into the 3.23 server.
This is necessary because 4.0 uses a new format for full-text indexing.

The following lists describe changes that may affect applications and
that you should watch out for when upgrading to version 4.0:

*Server Changes:*

   * MySQL 4.0 has a lot of new privileges in the `mysql.user' table.
     *Note Privileges provided::.

     To get these new privileges to work, you must update the grant
     tables.  The procedure is described in *Note
     Upgrading-grant-tables::.  Until you do this, all accounts have
     the `SHOW DATABASES', `CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES', and `LOCK TABLES'
     privileges. `SUPER' and `EXECUTE' privileges take their value from
     `PROCESS'.  `REPLICATION SLAVE' and `REPLICATION CLIENT' take their
     values from `FILE'.

     If you have any scripts that create new MySQL user accounts, you
     may want to change them to use the new privileges.  If you are not
     using `GRANT' commands in the scripts, this is a good time to
     change your scripts to use `GRANT' instead of modifying the grant
     tables directly.

     From version 4.0.2 on, the option `--safe-show-database' is
     deprecated (and no longer does anything). *Note Privileges
     options::.

     If you get `Access denied' errors for new users in version 4.0.2
     and up, you should check whether you need some of the new grants
     that you didn't need before.  In particular, you will need
     `REPLICATION SLAVE' (instead of `FILE') for new slave servers.

   * `safe_mysqld' has been renamed to `mysqld_safe'.  For backward
     compatibility, binary distributions will for some time include
     `safe_mysqld' as a symlink to `mysqld_safe'.

   * `InnoDB' support is now included by default in binary
     distributions.  If you build MySQL from source, `InnoDB' is
     configured in by default.  If you do not use `InnoDB' and want to
     save memory when running a server that has `InnoDB' support
     enabled, use the `--skip-innodb' server startup option. To compile
     MySQL without `InnoDB' support, run `configure' with the
     `--without-innodb' option.

   * Values for the startup parameters
     `myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size' and
     `myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size' now are given in bytes (they
     were given in megabytes before 4.0.3).

   * `mysqld' now has the option `--temp-pool' enabled by default
     because this gives better performance with some operating systems
     (most notably Linux).

   * The `mysqld' startup options `--skip-locking' and
     `--enable-locking' were renamed to `--skip-external-locking' and
     `--external-locking'.

   * External system locking of `MyISAM'/`ISAM' files is now turned off
     by default.  You can turn this on with `--external-locking'.
     (However, this is never needed for most users.)

   * The following startup variables and options have been renamed:

     *Old Name*                         *New Name*
     `myisam_bulk_insert_tree_size'     `bulk_insert_buffer_size'
     `query_cache_startup_type'         `query_cache_type'
     `record_buffer'                    `read_buffer_size'
     `record_rnd_buffer'                `read_rnd_buffer_size'
     `sort_buffer'                      `sort_buffer_size'
     `warnings'                         `log-warnings'
     `--err-log'                        `--log-error' (for `mysqld_safe')

     The startup options `record_buffer', `sort_buffer', and `warnings'
     will still work in MySQL 4.0 but are deprecated.

*SQL Changes:*

   * The following SQL variables have been renamed:

     *Old Name*                         *New Name*
     `SQL_BIG_TABLES'                   `BIG_TABLES'
     `SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES'         `LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES'
     `SQL_MAX_JOIN_SIZE'                `MAX_JOIN_SIZE'
     `SQL_QUERY_CACHE_TYPE'             `QUERY_CACHE_TYPE'
     The old names still work in MySQL 4.0 but are deprecated.

   * You have to use `SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER=skip_count'
     instead of `SET SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER=skip_count'.

   * `SHOW MASTER STATUS' now returns an empty set if binary logging is
     not enabled.

   * `SHOW SLAVE STATUS' now returns an empty set if the slave is not
     initialized.

   * `SHOW INDEX' has two more columns than it had in 3.23 (`Null' and
     `Index_type').

   * The format of `SHOW OPEN TABLES' has changed.

   * `ORDER BY col_name DESC' sorts `NULL' values last, as of MySQL
     4.0.11. In 3.23 and in earlier 4.0 versions, this was not always
     consistent.

   * `CHECK', `LOCALTIME', and `LOCALTIMESTAMP' now are reserved words.

   * `DOUBLE' and `FLOAT' columns now honor the `UNSIGNED' flag on
     storage (before, `UNSIGNED' was ignored for these columns).

   * The result of all bitwise operators (`|', `&', `<<', `>>', and
     `~') is now unsigned.  This may cause problems if you are using
     them in a context where you want a signed result.  *Note Cast
     Functions::.

     *Note*: When you use subtraction between integer values where one
     is of type `UNSIGNED', the result will be unsigned.  In other
     words, before upgrading to MySQL 4.0, you should check your
     application for cases in which you are subtracting a value from an
     unsigned entity and want a negative answer or subtracting an
     unsigned value from an integer column. You can disable this
     behavior by using the `--sql-mode=NO_UNSIGNED_SUBTRACTION' option
     when starting `mysqld'.  *Note Server SQL mode::.

   * You should use integers to store values in `BIGINT' columns
     (instead of using strings, as you did in MySQL 3.23).  Using
     strings will still work, but using integers is more efficient.

   * In MySQL 3.23, `INSERT INTO ... SELECT' always had `IGNORE'
     enabled.  As of 4.0.1, MySQL will stop (and possibly roll back) by
     default in case of an error unless you specify `IGNORE'.

   * You should use `TRUNCATE TABLE' when you want to delete all rows
     from a table and you don't need to obtain a count of the number of
     rows that were deleted.  (`DELETE FROM TBL_NAME' returns a row
     count in 4.0 and doesn't reset the `AUTO_INCREMENT' counter, and
     `TRUNCATE TABLE' is faster.)

   * You will get an error if you have an active transaction or `LOCK
     TABLES' statement when trying to execute `TRUNCATE TABLE' or `DROP
     DATABASE'.

   * To use `MATCH ... AGAINST (... IN BOOLEAN MODE)' full-text searches
     with your tables, you must rebuild their indexes with `REPAIR TABLE
     tbl_name USE_FRM'.  If you attempt a boolean full-text search
     without rebuilding the indexes this way, the search will return
     incorrect results.  *Note Fulltext Fine-tuning::.

   * `LOCATE()' and `INSTR()' are case sensitive if one of the
     arguments is a binary string. Otherwise they are case insensitive.

   * `STRCMP()' now uses the current character set when performing
     comparisons.  This makes the default comparison behavior not case
     sensitive unless one or both of the operands are binary strings.

   * `HEX(STR)' now returns the characters in STR converted to
     hexadecimal.  If you want to convert a number to hexadecimal, you
     should ensure that you call `HEX()' with a numeric argument.

   * `RAND(seed)' returns a different random number series in 4.0 than
     in 3.23; this was done to further differentiate `RAND(seed)' and
     `RAND(seed+1)'.

   * The default type returned by `IFNULL(A,B)' is now set to be the
     more "general" of the types of `A' and `B'. (The
     general-to-specific order is string, `REAL', `INTEGER').


*C API Changes:*

   * The old C API functions `mysql_drop_db()', `mysql_create_db()', and
     `mysql_connect()' are no longer supported unless you compile MySQL
     with `CFLAGS=-DUSE_OLD_FUNCTIONS'.  However, it is preferable to
     change client programs to use the new 4.0 API instead.

   * In the `MYSQL_FIELD' structure, `length' and `max_length' have
     changed from `unsigned int' to `unsigned long'. This should not
     cause any problems, except that they may generate warning messages
     when used as arguments in the `printf()' class of functions.

   * Multi-threaded clients should use `mysql_thread_init()' and
     `mysql_thread_end()'. *Note Threaded clients::.


*Other Changes:*

   * If you want to recompile the Perl `DBD::mysql' module, use a recent
     version.  Version 2.9003 is recommended. Versions older than
     1.2218 should not be used because they use the deprecated
     `mysql_drop_db()' call.



2.10.4 Upgrading from Version 3.22 to 3.23
------------------------------------------

MySQL 3.22 and 3.21 clients will work without any problems with a MySQL
3.23 server.

When upgrading to MySQL 3.23 from an earlier version, note the following
changes:

*Table Changes:*

   * MySQL 3.23 supports tables of the new `MyISAM' type and the old
     `ISAM' type.  By default, all new tables are created with type
     `MyISAM' unless you start `mysqld' with the
     `--default-table-type=isam' option.  You don't have to convert
     your old `ISAM' tables to use them with MySQL 3.23.  You can
     convert an `ISAM' table to `MyISAM' format with `ALTER TABLE
     TBL_NAME TYPE=MyISAM' or the Perl script
     `mysql_convert_table_format'.

   * All tables that use the `tis620' character set must be fixed with
     `myisamchk -r' or `REPAIR TABLE'.

   * If you are using the `german' character sort order for `ISAM'
     tables, you must repair them with `isamchk -r', because we have
     made some changes in the sort order.


*Client Program Changes:*

   * The MySQL client `mysql' is now by default started with the
     `--no-named-commands (-g)' option. This option can be disabled with
     `--enable-named-commands (-G)'. This may cause incompatibility
     problems in some cases--for example, in SQL scripts that use named
     commands without a semicolon.  Long format commands still work
     from the first line.

   * If you want your `mysqldump' files to be compatible between MySQL
     3.22 and 3.23, you should not use the `--opt' or `--all' option to
     `mysqldump'.


*SQL Changes:*

   * If you do a `DROP DATABASE' on a symbolically linked database,
     both the link and the original database are deleted.  This didn't
     happen in MySQL 3.22 because `configure' didn't detect the
     availability of the `readlink()' system call.

   * `OPTIMIZE TABLE' now works only for `MyISAM' tables.  For other
     table types, you can use `ALTER TABLE' to optimize the table.
     During `OPTIMIZE TABLE', the table is now locked to prevent it
     from being used by other threads.

   * Date functions that work on parts of dates (such as `MONTH()')
     will now return 0 for `0000-00-00' dates. In MySQL 3.22, these
     functions returned `NULL'.

   * The default return type of `IF()' now depends on both arguments,
     not just the first one.

   * `AUTO_INCREMENT' columns should not be used to store negative
     numbers. The reason for this is that negative numbers caused
     problems when wrapping from -1 to 0.  You should not store 0 in
     `AUTO_INCREMENT' columns, either; `CHECK TABLE' will complain
     about 0 values because they may change if you dump and restore the
     table.  `AUTO_INCREMENT' for `MyISAM' tables is now handled at a
     lower level and is much faster than before. In addition, for
     `MyISAM' tables, old numbers are no longer reused, even if you
     delete rows from the table.

   * `CASE', `DELAYED', `ELSE', `END', `FULLTEXT', `INNER', `RIGHT',
     `THEN', and `WHEN' now are reserved words.

   * `FLOAT(p)' now is a true floating-point type and not a value with a
     fixed number of decimals.

   * When declaring columns using a `DECIMAL(length,dec)' type, the
     `length' argument no longer includes a place for the sign or the
     decimal point.

   * A `TIME' string must now be of one of the following formats:
     `[[[DAYS] [H]H:]MM:]SS[.fraction]' or
     `[[[[[H]H]H]H]MM]SS[.fraction]'.

   * `LIKE' now compares strings using the same character comparison
     rules as for the `=' operator.  If you require the old behavior,
     you can compile MySQL with the `CXXFLAGS=-DLIKE_CMP_TOUPPER' flag.

   * `REGEXP' now is case insensitive if neither of the strings is a
     binary string.

   * When you check or repair `MyISAM' (`.MYI') tables, you should use
     the `CHECK TABLE' statement or the `myisamchk' command. For `ISAM'
     (`.ISM') tables, use the `isamchk' command.

   * Check all your calls to `DATE_FORMAT()' to make sure that there is
     a `%' before each format character.  (MySQL 3.22 already allowed
     this syntax, but now `%' is required.)

   * In MySQL 3.22, the output of `SELECT DISTINCT ...' was almost
     always sorted.  In MySQL 3.23, you must use `GROUP BY' or `ORDER
     BY' to obtain sorted output.

   * `SUM()' now returns `NULL' instead of 0 if there are no matching
     rows. This is required by standard SQL.

   * An `AND' or `OR' with `NULL' values will now return `NULL' instead
     of 0. This mostly affects queries that use `NOT' on an `AND/OR'
     expression as `NOT NULL' = `NULL'.

   * `LPAD()' and `RPAD()' now shorten the result string if it's longer
     than the length argument.


*C API Changes:*

   * `mysql_fetch_fields_direct()' now is a function instead of a macro.
     It now returns a pointer to a `MYSQL_FIELD' instead of a
     `MYSQL_FIELD'.

   * `mysql_num_fields()' no longer can be used on a `MYSQL*' object
     (it's now a function that takes a `MYSQL_RES*' value as an
     argument). With a `MYSQL*' object, you now should use
     `mysql_field_count()' instead.



2.10.5 Upgrading from Version 3.21 to 3.22
------------------------------------------

Nothing that affects compatibility has changed between versions 3.21
and 3.22.  The only pitfall is that new tables that are created with
`DATE' type columns will use the new way to store the date. You can't
access these new columns from an old version of `mysqld'.

When upgrading to MySQL 3.23 from an earlier version, note the following
changes:

   * After installing MySQL Version 3.22, you should start the new
     server and then run the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script. This
     will add the new privileges that you need to use the `GRANT'
     command.  If you forget this, you will get `Access denied' when
     you try to use `ALTER TABLE', `CREATE INDEX', or `DROP INDEX'. The
     procedure for updating the grant tables is described in *Note
     Upgrading-grant-tables::.

   * The C API interface to `mysql_real_connect()' has changed.  If you
     have an old client program that calls this function, you must pass
     a `0' for the new `db' argument (or recode the client to send the
     `db' element for faster connections).  You must also call
     `mysql_init()' before calling `mysql_real_connect()'.  This change
     was done to allow the new `mysql_options()' function to save
     options in the `MYSQL' handler structure.

   * The `mysqld' variable `key_buffer' has been renamed to
     `key_buffer_size', but you can still use the old name in your
     startup files.



2.10.6 Upgrading from Version 3.20 to 3.21
------------------------------------------

If you are running a version older than Version 3.20.28 and want to
switch to Version 3.21, you need to do the following:

You can start the `mysqld' Version 3.21 server with the
`--old-protocol' option to use it with clients from a Version 3.20
distribution.  In this case, the server uses the old pre-3.21
`password()' checking rather than the new method. Also, the new client
function `mysql_errno()' will not return any server error, only
`CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR'. The function does work for client errors.

If you are _not_ using the `--old-protocol' option to `mysqld', you
will need to make the following changes:

   * All client code must be recompiled. If you are using ODBC, you
     must get the MyODBC 2.x driver.

   * The `scripts/add_long_password' script must be run to convert the
     `Password' field in the `mysql.user' table to `CHAR(16)'.

   * All passwords must be reassigned in the `mysql.user' table to get
     62-bit rather than 31-bit passwords.

   * The table format hasn't changed, so you don't have to convert any
     tables.


MySQL 3.20.28 and above can handle the new `user' table format without
affecting clients. If you have a MySQL version earlier than 3.20.28,
passwords will no longer work with it if you convert the `user' table.
So to be safe, you should first upgrade to at least Version 3.20.28 and
then upgrade to Version 3.21.

The new client code works with a 3.20.x `mysqld' server, so if you
experience problems with 3.21.x, you can use the old 3.20.x server
without having to recompile the clients again.

If you are not using the `--old-protocol' option to `mysqld', old
clients will be unable to connect and will issue the following error
message:

     ERROR: Protocol mismatch. Server Version = 10 Client Version = 9

The Perl DBI interface also supports the old `mysqlperl' interface.
The only change you have to make if you use `mysqlperl' is to change
the arguments to the `connect()' function.  The new arguments are:
`host', `database', `user', and `password' (note that the `user' and
`password' arguments have changed places).

The following changes may affect queries in old applications:

   * `HAVING' must now be specified before any `ORDER BY' clause.

   * The parameters to `LOCATE()' have been swapped.

   * There are some new reserved words. The most noticeable are `DATE',
     `TIME', and `TIMESTAMP'.



2.10.7 Upgrading the Grant Tables
---------------------------------

Some releases introduce changes to the structure of the grant tables
(the tables in the `mysql' database) to add new  privileges or
features. To make sure that your grant tables are current when you
update to a new version of MySQL, you should update your grant tables
as well.

On Unix or Unix-like systems, update the grant tables by running the
`mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script:

     shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables

You must run this script while the server is running. It attempts to
connect to the server running on the local host as `root'.  If your
`root' account requires a password, indicate the password on the
command line.  For MySQL 4.1 and up, specify the password like this:

     shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables --password=root_password

Prior to MySQL 4.1, specify the password like this:

     shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables root_password

The `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script performs any actions necessary
to convert your grant tables to the current format. You might see some
`Duplicate column name' warnings as it runs; you can ignore them.

After running the script, stop the server and restart it.

On Windows systems, there isn't an easy way to update the grant tables
until MySQL 4.0.15.  From version 4.0.15 on, MySQL distributions
include a `mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql' SQL script that you can run
using the `mysql' client.  If your MySQL installation is located at
`C:\mysql', the commands look like this:

     C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -u root -p mysql
     mysql> SOURCE C:\mysql\scripts\mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql

If your installation is located in some other directory, adjust the
pathnames appropriately.

The `mysql' command will prompt you for the `root' password; enter it
when prompted.

As with the Unix procedure, you might see some `Duplicate column name'
warnings as `mysql' processes the statements in the
`mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql' script; you can ignore them.

After running the script, stop the server and restart it.

If you are upgrading to MySQL 5.0.1 or later, the grant table upgrade
procedure just described will add view-related columns for the `CREATE
VIEW' and `SHOW VIEW' privileges.  These privileges exist at the global
and database levels. Their initial values are assigned as follows:

   * In MySQL 5.0.2 or later, `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' copies the
     `Create_priv' value in the `user' table to the `Create_view_priv'
     and `Show_view_priv' columns.

   * In 5.0.1, the view-related privileges are not enabled for any
     accounts, so you cannot immediately use `GRANT' to give them give
     them to accounts that should have them. To deal with this, first
     connect to the server as `root' and issue the following statements
     to give the privileges to the `root' accounts manually with
     `UPDATE':

          mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Show_view_priv = 'Y', Create_view_priv = 'Y'
              -> WHERE User = 'root';
          mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

     After this, `root' can use `GRANT' to give the view privileges to
     other accounts. Note: You should issue the statements just shown,
     `GRANT ALL' will not work at the global and database levels,
     because `GRANT ALL' requires that you actually possess all
     privileges.



2.10.8 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
-------------------------------------------------

If you are using MySQL 3.23 or later, you can copy the `.frm', `.MYI',
and `.MYD' files for `MyISAM' tables between different architectures
that support the same floating-point format.  (MySQL takes care of any
byte-swapping issues.)  *Note `MyISAM' storage engine: MyISAM storage
engine.

The MySQL `ISAM' data and index files (`.ISD' and `*.ISM',
respectively) are architecture dependent and in some cases operating
system dependent.  If you want to move your applications to another
machine that has a different architecture or operating system than your
current machine, you should not try to move a database by simply copying
the files to the other machine. Use `mysqldump' instead.

By default, `mysqldump' will create a file containing SQL statements.
You can then transfer the file to the other machine and feed it as input
to the `mysql' client.

Try `mysqldump --help' to see what options are available.  If you are
moving the data to a newer version of MySQL, you should use `mysqldump
--opt' to take advantage of any optimizations that result in a dump
file that is smaller and can be processed faster.

The easiest (although not the fastest) way to move a database between
two machines is to run the following commands on the machine on which
the database is located:

     shell> mysqladmin -h 'OTHER_HOSTNAME' create DB_NAME
     shell> mysqldump --opt DB_NAME | mysql -h 'OTHER_HOSTNAME' DB_NAME

If you want to copy a database from a remote machine over a slow
network, you can use:

     shell> mysqladmin create DB_NAME
     shell> mysqldump -h 'OTHER_HOSTNAME' --opt --compress DB_NAME | mysql DB_NAME

You can also store the result in a file, then transfer the file to the
target machine and load the file into the database there.  For example,
you can dump a database to a file on the source machine like this:

     shell> mysqldump --quick DB_NAME | gzip > DB_NAME.CONTENTS.gz

(The file created in this example is compressed.) Transfer the file
containing the database contents to the target machine and run these
commands there:

     shell> mysqladmin create DB_NAME
     shell> gunzip < DB_NAME.CONTENTS.gz | mysql DB_NAME

You can also use `mysqldump' and `mysqlimport' to transfer the database.
For big tables, this is much faster than simply using `mysqldump'.  In
the following commands, `DUMPDIR' represents the full pathname of the
directory you use to store the output from `mysqldump'.

First, create the directory for the output files and dump the database:

     shell> mkdir DUMPDIR
     shell> mysqldump --tab=DUMPDIR DB_NAME

Then transfer the files in the `DUMPDIR' directory to some corresponding
directory on the target machine and load the files into MySQL there:

     shell> mysqladmin create DB_NAME           # create database
     shell> cat DUMPDIR/*.sql | mysql DB_NAME   # create tables in database
     shell> mysqlimport DB_NAME DUMPDIR/*.txt   # load data into tables

Also, don't forget to copy the `mysql' database because that is where
the `user', `db', and `host' grant tables are stored.  You might have
to run commands as the MySQL `root' user on the new machine until you
have the `mysql' database in place.

After you import the `mysql' database on the new machine, execute
`mysqladmin flush-privileges' so that the server reloads the grant table
information.


2.11 Downgrading MySQL
======================

This section describes what you should do if you are downgrading to an
older MySQL version in the unlikely case that the previous version
worked better than the new one.

If you are downgrading within the same release series (for example, from
4.0.20 to 4.0.19) the general rule is that you just have to install the
new binaries on top of the old ones. There is no need to do anything
with the databases.  As always, however, it's always a good idea to
make a backup.

The following items form a checklist of things you should do whenever
you perform an downgrade:

   * Read the upgrading section for the release series from which you
     are downgrading to be sure that it doesn't have any features you
     really need.  *Note Upgrade::.

   * If there is a downgrading section for that version, please read
     it, too!

You can always move the MySQL format files and data files between
different versions on the same architecture as long as you stay within
versions for the same release series of MySQL. The current production
release series is 4.1.

If you downgrade from one release series to another, there may be
incompatibilities in table storage formats. In this case, you can use
`mysqldump' to dump your tables before dowgnrading.  After downgrading,
reload the dump file using `mysql' or `mysqlimport' to re-create your
tables.  See *Note Upgrading-to-arch:: for examples.

The normal symptom of a downward-incompatible table format change when
you downgrade is you can't open tables.  In that case, use the follwing
procedure:

  1. Stop the older MySQL server that you are trying to downgrade to.

  2. Restart the newer MySQL server you are trying to downgrade from.

  3. Dump any tables that were inaccessible to the older server by using
     `mysqldump' to create a dump file.

  4. Stop the newer MySQL server and restart the older one.

  5. Reload the dump file into the older server. Your tables now should
     be accessible.

* Menu:

* Downgrading to-4.0::          Downgrading to 4.0


2.11.1 Downgrading to 4.0
-------------------------

The table format in 4.1 changed to include more and new character set
information. Because of this, you must use `mysqldump' to dump any
tables you have created with the newer MySQL server.  For example, if
all the tables in a particular database need to be dumped to be
reverted back to MySQL 4.0 format, use this command:

     shell> mysqldump --create-options --compatible=mysql40 DB_NAME > DUMP_FILE

Then stop the newer server, restart the older server, and read in the
dump file:

     shell> mysql DB_NAME < DUMP_FILE

If you used the `mysql_fix_privilege_tables' script to upgrade the
grant tables, you can either use the preceding method to convert them
to back to MySQL 4.0 or do the following in MySQL 4.1 (or above):

     ALTER TABLE mysql.user CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;
     ALTER TABLE mysql.db CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;
     ALTER TABLE mysql.host CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;
     ALTER TABLE mysql.tables_priv CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;
     ALTER TABLE mysql.columns_priv CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;
     ALTER TABLE mysql.func CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci;


2.12 Operating System-Specific Notes
====================================

* Menu:

* Linux::                       Linux Notes
* Mac OS X::                    Mac OS X Notes
* Solaris::                     Solaris Notes
* BSD Notes::                   BSD Notes
* Other Unix Notes::            Other Unix Notes
* OS/2::                        OS/2 Notes
* BeOS::                        BeOS Notes


2.12.1 Linux Notes
------------------

This section discusses issues that have been found to occur on Linux.
The first few subsections describe general operating system-related
issues, problems that can occur when using binary or source
distributions, and post-installation issues. The remaining subsections
discuss problems that occur with Linux on specific platforms.

Note that most of these problems occur on older versions of Linux. If
you are running a recent version, you likely will see none of them.

* Menu:

* Linux-OS::                    Linux Operating System Notes
* Binary notes-Linux::          Linux Binary Distribution Notes
* Source notes-Linux::          Linux Source Distribution Notes
* Linux-post-install::          Linux Post-Installation Notes
* Linux-x86::                   Linux x86 Notes
* Linux-SPARC::                 Linux SPARC Notes
* Linux-Alpha::                 Linux Alpha Notes
* Linux-PowerPC::               Linux PowerPC Notes
* Linux-MIPS::                  Linux MIPS Notes
* Linux-IA-64::                 Linux IA-64 Notes


2.12.1.1 Linux Operating System Notes
.....................................

MySQL needs at least Linux Version 2.0.

*Warning:* We have seen some strange problems with Linux 2.2.14 and
MySQL on SMP systems.  We also have reports from some MySQL users that
they have encountered serious stability problems using MySQL with
kernel 2.2.14.  If you are using this kernel, you should upgrade to
2.2.19 (or newer) or to a 2.4 kernel.  If you have a multiple-CPU box,
then you should seriously consider using 2.4 because it will give you a
significant speed boost.  Your system also will be more stable.

When using LinuxThreads, you will see a minimum of three `mysqld'
processes running.  These are in fact threads.  There will be one
thread for the LinuxThreads manager, one thread to handle connections,
and one thread to handle alarms and signals.


2.12.1.2 Linux Binary Distribution Notes
........................................

The Linux-Intel binary and RPM releases of MySQL are configured for the
highest possible speed.  We are always trying to use the fastest stable
compiler available.

The binary release is linked with `-static', which means you do not
normally need to worry about which version of the system libraries you
have. You need not install LinuxThreads, either.  A program linked with
`-static' is slightly larger than a dynamically linked program, but
also slightly faster (3-5%).  However, one problem with a statically
linked program is that you can't use user-defined functions (UDFs).  If
you are going to write or use UDFs (this is something for C or C++
programmers only), you must compile MySQL yourself using dynamic
linking.

A known issue with binary distributions is that on older Linux systems
that use `libc' (such as Red Hat 4.x or Slackware), you will get some
non-fatal problems with hostname resolution. If your system uses `libc'
rather than `glibc2', you probably will encounter some difficulties
with hostname resolution and `getpwnam()'. This happens because `glibc'
unfortunately depends on some external libraries to implement hostname
resolution and `getpwent()', even when compiled with `-static'.  These
problems manifest themselves in two ways:

   * You probably will see  the following error message when you run
     `mysql_install_db':

          Sorry, the host 'XXXX' could not be looked up

     You can deal with this by executing `mysql_install_db --force',
     which will not execute the `resolveip' test in `mysql_install_db'.
     The downside is that you can't use hostnames in the grant tables:
     Except for `localhost', you must use IP numbers instead.  If you
     are using an old version of MySQL that doesn't support `--force',
     you must manually remove the `resolveip' test in `mysql_install'
     using an editor.

   * You also may see the following error when you try to run `mysqld'
     with the `--user' option:

          getpwnam: No such file or directory

     To work around this, start `mysqld' by using the `su' command
     rather than by specifying the `--user' option. This causes the
     system itself to change the user ID of the `mysqld' process so
     that `mysqld' need not do so.


Another solution, which solves both problems, is to not use a binary
distribution.  Get a MySQL source distribution (in RPM or `tar.gz'
format) and install that instead.

On some Linux 2.2 versions, you may get the error `Resource temporarily
unavailable' when clients make a lot of new connections to a `mysqld'
server over TCP/IP.  The problem is that Linux has a delay between the
time that you close a TCP/IP socket and the time that the system
actually frees it.  There is room for only a finite number of TCP/IP
slots, so you will encounter the resource-unavailable error if clients
attempt too many new TCP/IP connections during a short time. For
example, you may see the error when you run the MySQL `test-connect'
benchmark over TCP/IP.

We have inquired about this problem a few times on different Linux
mailing lists but have never been able to find a suitable resolution.
The only known "fix" is for the clients to use persistent connections,
or, if you are running the database server and clients on the same
machine, to use Unix socket file connections rather than TCP/IP
connections.


2.12.1.3 Linux Source Distribution Notes
........................................

The following notes regarding `glibc' apply only to the situation when
you build MySQL yourself. If you are running Linux on an x86 machine,
in most cases it is much better for you to just use our binary. We link
our binaries against the best patched version of `glibc' we can come up
with and with the best compiler options, in an attempt to make it
suitable for a high-load server.  For a typical user, even for setups
with a lot of concurrent connections or tables exceeding the 2GB limit,
our binary is the best choice in most cases.  After reading the
following text, if you are in doubt about what to do, try our binary
first to see whether it meets your needs.  If you discover that it is
not good enough, then you may want to try your own build.  In that
case, we would appreciate a note about it so that we can build a better
binary next time.

MySQL uses LinuxThreads on Linux.  If you are using an old Linux
version that doesn't have `glibc2', you must install LinuxThreads
before trying to compile MySQL.   You can get LinuxThreads at
`http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/os-linux.html'.

Note that `glibc' versions before and including Version 2.1.1 have a
fatal bug in `pthread_mutex_timedwait()' handling, which is used when
you issue `INSERT DELAYED' statements.  We recommend that you not use
`INSERT DELAYED' before upgrading `glibc'.

Note that Linux kernel and the LinuxThread library can by default only
have 1,024 threads.  If you plan to have more than 1,000 concurrent
connections, you will need to make some changes to LinuxThreads:

   * Increase `PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX' in
     `sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/bits/local_lim.h' to 4096 and decrease
     `STACK_SIZE' in `linuxthreads/internals.h' to 256KB. The paths are
     relative to the root of `glibc'. (Note that MySQL will not be
     stable with around 600-1000 connections if `STACK_SIZE' is the
     default of 2MB.)

   * Recompile LinuxThreads to produce a new `libpthread.a' library,
     and relink MySQL against it.


The page `http://www.volano.com/linuxnotes.html' contains additional
information about circumventing thread limits in LinuxThreads.

There is another issue that greatly hurts MySQL performance, especially
on SMP systems.  The mutex implementation in LinuxThreads in `glibc'
2.1 is very bad for programs with many threads that hold the mutex only
for a short time.  This produces a paradoxical result: If you link
MySQL against an unmodified LinuxThreads, removing processors from an
SMP actually improves MySQL performance in many cases.  We have made a
patch available for `glibc' 2.1.3 to correct this behavior
(`http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Linux/linuxthreads-2.1-patch').

With `glibc' 2.2.2, MySQL 3.23.36 will use the adaptive mutex, which is
much better than even the patched one in `glibc' 2.1.3. Be warned,
however, that under some conditions, the current mutex code in `glibc'
2.2.2 overspins, which hurts MySQL performance. The likelihood that
this condition will occur can be reduced by renicing the `mysqld'
process to the highest priority. We have also been able to correct the
overspin behavior with a patch, available at
`http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Linux/linuxthreads-2.2.2.patch'.  It
combines the correction of overspin, maximum number of threads, and
stack spacing all in one. You will need to apply it in the
`linuxthreads' directory with `patch -p0
</tmp/linuxthreads-2.2.2.patch'.  We hope it will be included in some
form in future releases of `glibc' 2.2. In any case, if you link
against `glibc' 2.2.2, you still need to correct `STACK_SIZE' and
`PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX'. We hope that the defaults will be corrected to
some more acceptable values for high-load MySQL setup in the future, so
that the commands needed to produce your own build can be reduced to
`./configure; make; make install'.

We recommend that you use these patches to build a special static
version of `libpthread.a' and use it only for statically linking
against MySQL. We know that the patches are safe for MySQL and
significantly improve its performance, but we cannot say anything about
other applications. If you link other applications that require
LinuxThreads against the patched static version of the library, or
build a patched shared version and install it on your system, you do so
at your own risk.

If you experience any strange problems during the installation of
MySQL, or with some common utilities hanging, it is very likely that
they are either library or compiler related. If this is the case, using
our binary will resolve them.

If you link your own MySQL client programs, you may see the following
error at runtime:

     ld.so.1: fatal: libmysqlclient.so.#:
     open failed: No such file or directory

This problem can be avoided by one of the following methods:

   * Link clients with the `-Wl,r/full/path/to/libmysqlclient.so' flag
     rather than with `-Lpath').

   * Copy `libmysqclient.so' to `/usr/lib'.

   * Add the pathname of the directory where `libmysqlclient.so' is
     located to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable before running
     your client.

If you are using the Fujitsu compiler (`fcc/FCC'), you will have some
problems compiling MySQL because the Linux header files are very `gcc'
oriented.  The following `configure' line should work with `fcc/FCC':

     CC=fcc CFLAGS="-O -K fast -K lib -K omitfp -Kpreex -D_GNU_SOURCE \
         -DCONST=const -DNO_STRTOLL_PROTO" \
     CXX=FCC CXXFLAGS="-O -K fast -K lib \
         -K omitfp -K preex --no_exceptions --no_rtti -D_GNU_SOURCE \
         -DCONST=const -Dalloca=__builtin_alloca -DNO_STRTOLL_PROTO \
         '-D_EXTERN_INLINE=static __inline'" \
     ./configure \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \
         --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared \
         --with-low-memory


2.12.1.4 Linux Post-Installation Notes
......................................

`mysql.server' can be found in the `support-files' directory under the
MySQL installation directory or in a MySQL source tree.  You can install
it as `/etc/init.d/mysql' for automatic MySQL startup and shutdown.
*Note Automatic start::.

If MySQL can't open enough files or connections, it may be that you
haven't configured Linux to handle enough files.

In Linux 2.2 and onward, you can check the number of allocated file
handles as follows:

     shell> cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
     shell> cat /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
     shell> cat /proc/sys/fs/super-max

If you have more than 16MB of memory, you should add something like the
following to your init scripts (for example, `/etc/init.d/boot.local'
on SuSE Linux):

     echo 65536 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
     echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
     echo 1024 > /proc/sys/fs/super-max

You can also run the `echo' commands from the command line as `root',
but these settings will be lost the next time your computer restarts.

Alternatively, you can set these parameters on startup by using the
`sysctl' tool, which is used by many Linux distributions (SuSE has
added it as well, beginning with SuSE Linux 8.0). Just put the following
values into a file named `/etc/sysctl.conf':

     # Increase some values for MySQL
     fs.file-max = 65536
     fs.dquot-max = 8192
     fs.super-max = 1024

You should also add the following to `/etc/my.cnf':

     [mysqld_safe]
     open-files-limit=8192

This should allow the server a limit of 8,192 for the combined number of
connections and open files.

The `STACK_SIZE' constant in LinuxThreads controls the spacing of thread
stacks in the address space.  It needs to be large enough so that there
will be plenty of room for each individual thread stack, but small
enough to keep the stack of some threads from running into the global
`mysqld' data.  Unfortunately, as we have experimentally discovered,
the Linux implementation of `mmap()' will successfully unmap an already
mapped region if you ask it to map out an address already in use,
zeroing out the data on the entire page instead of returning an error.
So, the safety of `mysqld' or any other threaded application depends on
"gentlemanly" behavior of the code that creates threads.  The user must
take measures to make sure that the number of running threads at any
time is sufficiently low for thread stacks to stay away from the global
heap.  With `mysqld', you should enforce this behavior by setting a
reasonable value for the `max_connections' variable.

If you build MySQL yourself, you can patch LinuxThreads for better
stack use.  *Note Source notes-Linux::.  If you do not want to patch
LinuxThreads, you should set `max_connections' to a value no higher
than 500.  It should be even less if you have a large key buffer,  large
heap tables, or some other things that make `mysqld' allocate a lot of
memory, or if you are running a 2.2 kernel with a 2GB patch. If you are
using our binary or RPM version 3.23.25 or later, you can safely set
`max_connections' at 1500, assuming no large key buffer or heap tables
with lots of data.  The more you reduce `STACK_SIZE' in LinuxThreads
the more threads you can safely create.  We recommend values between
128KB and 256KB.

If you use a lot of concurrent connections, you may suffer from a
"feature" in the 2.2 kernel that attempts to prevent fork bomb attacks
by penalizing a process for forking or cloning a child.  This causes
MySQL not to scale well as you increase the number of concurrent
clients.  On single-CPU systems, we have seen this manifested as very
slow thread creation: It may take a long time to connect to MySQL (as
long as one minute), and it may take just as long to shut it down.  On
multiple-CPU systems, we have observed a gradual drop in query speed as
the number of clients increases.  In the process of trying to find a
solution, we have received a kernel patch from one of our users who
claimed it made a lot of difference for his site.  The patch is
available at `http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Patches/linux-fork.patch'.
We have now done rather extensive testing of this patch on both
development and production systems.  It has significantly improved
MySQL performance without causing any problems and we now recommend it
to our users who still run high-load servers on 2.2 kernels.

This issue has been fixed in the 2.4 kernel, so if you are not satisfied
with the current performance of your system, rather than patching your
2.2 kernel, it might be easier to upgrade to 2.4. On SMP systems,
upgrading also will give you a nice SMP boost in addition to fixing the
fairness bug.

We have tested MySQL on the 2.4 kernel on a two-CPU machine and found
MySQL scales _much_ better. There was virtually no slowdown on query
throughput all the way up to 1,000 clients, and the MySQL scaling factor
(computed as the ratio of maximum throughput to the throughput for one
client) was 180%.  We have observed similar results on a four-CPU
system: Virtually no slowdown as the number of clients was increased up
to 1,000, and a 300% scaling factor. Based on these results, for a
high-load SMP server using a 2.2 kernel, we definitely recommend
upgrading to the 2.4 kernel at this point.

We have discovered that it is essential to run the `mysqld' process
with the highest possible priority on the 2.4 kernel to achieve maximum
performance.  This can be done by adding a `renice -20 $$' command to
`mysqld_safe'. In our testing on a four-CPU machine, increasing the
priority resulted in a 60% throughput increase with 400 clients.

We are currently also trying to collect more information on how well
MySQL performs with a 2.4 kernel on four-way and eight-way systems. If
you have access such a system and have done some benchmarks, please
send an email message to <benchmarks@mysql.com> with the results. We
will review them for inclusion in the manual.

If you see a dead `mysqld' server process with `ps', this usually means
that you have found a bug in MySQL or you have a corrupted table. *Note
Crashing::.

To get a core dump on Linux if `mysqld' dies with a `SIGSEGV' signal,
you can start `mysqld' with the `--core-file' option.  Note that you
also probably need to raise the core file size by adding `ulimit -c
1000000' to `mysqld_safe' or starting `mysqld_safe' with
`--core-file-size=1000000'.  *Note `mysqld_safe': mysqld_safe.


2.12.1.5 Linux x86 Notes
........................

MySQL requires `libc' Version 5.4.12 or newer. It's known to work with
`libc' 5.4.46.  `glibc' Version 2.0.6 and later should also work. There
have been some problems with the `glibc' RPMs from Red Hat, so if you
have problems, check whether there are any updates.  The `glibc'
2.0.7-19 and 2.0.7-29 RPMs are known to work.

If you are using Red Hat 8.0 or a new `glibc' 2.2.x library, you may see
`mysqld' die in `gethostbyaddr()'. This happens because the new `glibc'
library requires a stack size greater than 128KB for this call.  To fix
the problem, start `mysqld' with the `--thread-stack=192K' option.
(Use `-O thread_stack=192K' before MySQL 4.)  This stack size is now
the default on MySQL 4.0.10 and above, so you should not see the
problem.

If you are using `gcc' 3.0 and above to compile MySQL, you must install
the `libstdc++v3' library before compiling MySQL; if you don't do this,
you will get an error about a missing `__cxa_pure_virtual' symbol
during linking.

On some older Linux distributions, `configure' may produce an error
like this:

     Syntax error in sched.h. Change _P to __P in the
     /usr/include/sched.h file.
     See the Installation chapter in the Reference Manual.

Just do what the error message says. Add an extra underscore to the
`_P' macro name that has only one underscore, then try again.

You may get some warnings when compiling. Those shown here can be
ignored:

     mysqld.cc -o objs-thread/mysqld.o
     mysqld.cc: In function `void init_signals()':
     mysqld.cc:315: warning: assignment of negative value `-1' to
     `long unsigned int'
     mysqld.cc: In function `void * signal_hand(void *)':
     mysqld.cc:346: warning: assignment of negative value `-1' to
     `long unsigned int'

If `mysqld' always dumps core when it starts, the problem may be that
you have an old `/lib/libc.a'.  Try renaming it, then remove
`sql/mysqld' and do a new `make install' and try again.  This problem
has been reported on some Slackware installations.

If you get the following error when linking `mysqld', it means that
your `libg++.a' is not installed correctly:

     /usr/lib/libc.a(putc.o): In function `_IO_putc':
     putc.o(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_IO_putc'

You can avoid using `libg++.a' by running `configure' like this:

     shell> CXX=gcc ./configure

If `mysqld' crashes immediately and you are running Red Hat Version 5.0
with a version of `glibc' older than 2.0.7-5, you should make sure that
you have installed all `glibc' patches.  There is a lot of information
about this in the MySQL mail archives, available online at
`http://lists.mysql.com/'.


2.12.1.6 Linux SPARC Notes
..........................

In some implementations, `readdir_r()' is broken.  The symptom is that
the `SHOW DATABASES' statement always returns an empty set.  This can
be fixed by removing `HAVE_READDIR_R' from `config.h' after configuring
and before compiling.


2.12.1.7 Linux Alpha Notes
..........................

MySQL 3.23.12 is the first MySQL version that is tested on Linux-Alpha.
If you plan to use MySQL on Linux-Alpha, you should ensure that you
have this version or newer.

We have tested MySQL on Alpha with our benchmarks and test suite, and
it appears to work nicely.

We currently build the MySQL binary packages on SuSE Linux 7.0 for AXP,
kernel 2.4.4-SMP, Compaq C compiler (V6.2-505) and Compaq C++ compiler
(V6.3-006) on a Compaq DS20 machine with an Alpha EV6 processor.

You can find the preceding compilers at
`http://www.support.compaq.com/alpha-tools/'.  By using these compilers
rather than `gcc', we get about 9-14% better MySQL performance.

Note that until MySQL version 3.23.52 and 4.0.2, we optimized the
binary for the current CPU only (by using the `-fast' compile option).
This means that for older versions, you can use our Alpha binaries only
if you have an Alpha EV6 processor.

For all following releases, we added the `-arch generic' flag to our
compile options, which makes sure that the binary runs on all Alpha
processors. We also compile statically to avoid library problems.  The
`configure' command looks like this:

     CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx \
     CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch generic -noexceptions -nortti" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared \
         --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \
         --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared --with-client-ldflags=-non_shared

If you want to use `egcs', the following `configure' line worked for us:

     CFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \
         -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared

Some known problems when running MySQL on Linux-Alpha:

   * Debugging threaded applications like MySQL will not work with `gdb
     4.18'.  You should use `gdb' 5.1 instead.

   * If you try linking `mysqld' statically when using `gcc', the
     resulting image will dump core at startup time.  In other words,
     _do not_ use `--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static' with `gcc'.


2.12.1.8 Linux PowerPC Notes
............................

MySQL should work on MkLinux with the newest `glibc' package (tested
with `glibc' 2.0.7).


2.12.1.9 Linux MIPS Notes
.........................

To get MySQL to work on Qube2 (Linux Mips), you need the newest `glibc'
libraries. `glibc-2.0.7-29C2' is known to work.  You must also use the
`egcs' C++ compiler (`egcs' 1.0.2-9, `gcc' 2.95.2 or newer).


2.12.1.10 Linux IA-64 Notes
...........................

To get MySQL to compile on Linux IA-64, we use the following `configure'
command for building with `gcc' 2.96:

     CC=gcc \
     CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" \
     CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \
         -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \
         ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         "--with-comment=Official MySQL binary" \
         --with-extra-charsets=complex

On IA-64, the MySQL client binaries use shared libraries. This means
that if you install our binary distribution at a location other than
`/usr/local/mysql', you need to add the path of the directory where you
have `libmysqlclient.so' installed either to the `/etc/ld.so.conf' file
or to the value of your `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable.

*Note Link errors::.


2.12.2 Mac OS X Notes
---------------------

On Mac OS X, `tar' cannot handle long filenames. If you need to unpack a
`.tar.gz' distribution, use `gnutar' instead.

* Menu:

* Mac OS X 10.x::               Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin)
* Mac OS X Server::             Mac OS X Server 1.2 (Rhapsody)


2.12.2.1 Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin)
...............................

MySQL should work without any problems on Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin).

Our binary for Mac OS X is compiled on Darwin 6.3 with the following
`configure' line:

     CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \
         -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \
         ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \
         --enable-local-infile --disable-shared

*Note Mac OS X installation::.


2.12.2.2 Mac OS X Server 1.2 (Rhapsody)
.......................................

For current versions of Mac OS X Server, no operating system changes are
necessary before compiling MySQL.  Compiling for the Server platform is
the same as for the client version of Mac OS X. (However, note that
MySQL comes preinstalled on Mac OS X Server, so you need not build it
yourself.)

For older versions (Mac OS X Server 1.2, a.k.a. Rhapsody), you must
first install a pthread package before trying to configure MySQL.

*Note Mac OS X installation::.


2.12.3 Solaris Notes
--------------------

On Solaris, you may run into trouble even before you get the MySQL
distribution unpacked!  Solaris `tar' can't handle long filenames, so
you may see an error like this when you unpack MySQL:

     x mysql-3.22.12-beta/bench/Results/ATIS-mysql_odbc-NT_4.0-cmp-db2,
     informix,ms-sql,mysql,oracle,solid,sybase, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks
     tar: directory checksum error

In this case, you must use GNU `tar' (`gtar') to unpack the
distribution.  You can find a precompiled copy for Solaris at
`http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/os-solaris.html'.

Sun native threads work only on Solaris 2.5 and higher.  For Version
2.4 and earlier, MySQL automatically uses MIT-pthreads.  *Note
MIT-pthreads::.

If you get the following error from `configure', it means that you have
something wrong with your compiler installation:

     checking for restartable system calls... configure: error can not
     run test programs while cross compiling

In this case, you should upgrade your compiler to a newer version.  You
may also be able to solve this problem by inserting the following row
into the `config.cache' file:

     ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}

If you are using Solaris on a SPARC, the recommended compiler is `gcc'
2.95.2 or 3.2. You can find this at `http://gcc.gnu.org/'.  Note that
`egcs' 1.1.1 and `gcc' 2.8.1 don't work reliably on SPARC!

The recommended `configure' line when using `gcc' 2.95.2 is:

     CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" \
     CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory \
         --enable-assembler

If you have an UltraSPARC system, you can get 4% better performance by
adding `-mcpu=v8 -Wa,-xarch=v8plusa' to the `CFLAGS' and `CXXFLAGS'
environment variables.

If you have Sun's Forte 5.0 (or newer) compiler, you can run
`configure' like this:

     CC=cc CFLAGS="-Xa -fast -native -xstrconst -mt" \
     CXX=CC CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler

To create a 64-bit binary with Sun's Forte compiler, use the following
configuration options:

     CC=cc CFLAGS="-Xa -fast -native -xstrconst -mt -xarch=v9" \
     CXX=CC CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -xarch=v9" ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler

To create a 64-bit Solaris binary using `gcc', add `-m64' to `CFLAGS'
and `CXXFLAGS' and remove `--enable-assembler' from the `configure'
line. This works only with MySQL 4.0 and up; MySQL 3.23 does not
include the required modifications to support this.

In the MySQL benchmarks, we got a 4% speedup on an UltraSPARC when using
Forte 5.0 in 32-bit mode compared to using `gcc' 3.2 with the `-mcpu'
flag.

If you create a 64-bit `mysqld' binary, it is 4% slower than the 32-bit
binary, but can handle more threads and memory.

If you get a problem with `fdatasync' or `sched_yield', you can fix
this by adding `LIBS=-lrt' to the `configure' line

For compilers older than WorkShop 5.3, you might have to edit the
`configure' script. Change this line:

     #if !defined(__STDC__) || __STDC__ != 1

To this:

     #if !defined(__STDC__)

If you turn on `__STDC__' with the `-Xc' option, the Sun compiler can't
compile with the Solaris `pthread.h' header file.  This is a Sun bug
(broken compiler or broken include file).

If `mysqld' issues the following error message when you run it, you have
tried to compile MySQL with the Sun compiler without enabling the `-mt'
multi-thread option:

     libc internal error: _rmutex_unlock: rmutex not held

Add `-mt' to `CFLAGS' and `CXXFLAGS' and recompile.

If you are using the SFW version of `gcc' (which comes with Solaris 8),
you must add `/opt/sfw/lib' to the environment variable
`LD_LIBRARY_PATH' before running `configure'.

If you are using the `gcc' available from `sunfreeware.com', you may
have many problems.  To avoid this, you should recompile `gcc' and GNU
`binutils' on the machine where you will be running them.

If you get the following error when compiling MySQL with `gcc', it
means that your `gcc' is not configured for your version of Solaris:

     shell> gcc -O3 -g -O2 -DDBUG_OFF  -o thr_alarm ...
     ./thr_alarm.c: In function `signal_hand':
     ./thr_alarm.c:556: too many arguments to function `sigwait'

The proper thing to do in this case is to get the newest version of
`gcc' and compile it with your current `gcc' compiler.  At least for
Solaris 2.5, almost all binary versions of `gcc' have old, unusable
include files that will break all programs that use threads, and
possibly other programs!

Solaris doesn't provide static versions of all system libraries
(`libpthreads' and `libdl'), so you can't compile MySQL with
`--static'.  If you try to do so, you will get one of the following
errors:

     ld: fatal: library -ldl: not found
     undefined reference to `dlopen'
     cannot find -lrt

If you link your own MySQL client programs, you may see the following
error at runtime:

     ld.so.1: fatal: libmysqlclient.so.#:
     open failed: No such file or directory

This problem can be avoided by one of the following methods:

   * Link clients with the `-Wl,r/full/path/to/libmysqlclient.so' flag
     rather than with `-Lpath').

   * Copy `libmysqclient.so' to `/usr/lib'.

   * Add the pathname of the directory where `libmysqlclient.so' is
     located to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable before running
     your client.

If you have problems with `configure' trying to link with `-lz' when
you don't have `zlib' installed, you have two options:

   * If you want to be able to use the compressed communication
     protocol, you need to get and install `zlib' from `ftp.gnu.org'.

   * Run `configure' with the `--with-named-z-libs=no' option when
     building MySQL.

If you are using `gcc' and have problems with loading user-defined
functions (UDFs) into MySQL, try adding `-lgcc' to the link line for
the UDF.

If you would like MySQL to start automatically, you can copy
`support-files/mysql.server' to `/etc/init.d' and create a symbolic
link to it named `/etc/rc3.d/S99mysql.server'.

If too many processes try to connect very rapidly to `mysqld', you will
see this error in the MySQL log:

     Error in accept: Protocol error

You might try starting the server with the `--back_log=50' option as a
workaround for this.  (Use `-O back_log=50' before MySQL 4.)

Solaris doesn't support core files for `setuid()' applications, so you
can't get a core file from `mysqld' if you are using the `--user'
option.

* Menu:

* Solaris 2.7::                 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes
* Solaris x86::                 Solaris x86 Notes


2.12.3.1 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes
..............................

Normally, you can use a Solaris 2.6 binary on Solaris 2.7 and 2.8.  Most
of the Solaris 2.6 issues also apply for Solaris 2.7 and 2.8.

MySQL 3.23.4 and above should be able to detect new versions of Solaris
automatically and enable workarounds for the following problems.

Solaris 2.7 / 2.8 has some bugs in the include files.  You may see the
following error when you use `gcc':

     /usr/include/widec.h:42: warning: `getwc' redefined
     /usr/include/wchar.h:326: warning: this is the location of the previous
     definition

If this occurs, you can fix the problem by copying
`/usr/include/widec.h' to `.../lib/gcc-lib/os/gcc-version/include' and
changing line 41 from this:

     #if     !defined(lint) && !defined(__lint)

To this:

     #if     !defined(lint) && !defined(__lint) && !defined(getwc)

Alternatively, you can edit `/usr/include/widec.h' directly.  Either
way, after you make the fix, you should remove `config.cache' and run
`configure' again.

If you get the following errors when you run `make', it's because
`configure' didn't detect the `curses.h' file (probably because of the
error in `/usr/include/widec.h'):

     In file included from mysql.cc:50:
     /usr/include/term.h:1060: syntax error before `,'
     /usr/include/term.h:1081: syntax error before `;'

The solution to this problem is to do one of the following:

   * Configure with `CFLAGS=-DHAVE_CURSES_H CXXFLAGS=-DHAVE_CURSES_H
     ./configure'.

   * Edit `/usr/include/widec.h' as indicated in the preceding
     discussion and re-run `configure'.

   * Remove the `#define HAVE_TERM' line from the `config.h' file and
     run `make' again.

If your linker can't find `-lz' when linking client programs, the
problem is probably that your `libz.so' file is installed in
`/usr/local/lib'.  You can fix this problem by one of the following
methods:

   * Add `/usr/local/lib' to `LD_LIBRARY_PATH'.

   * Add a link to `libz.so' from `/lib'.

   * If you are using Solaris 8, you can install the optional `zlib'
     from your Solaris 8 CD distribution.

   * Run `configure' with the `--with-named-z-libs=no' option when
     building MySQL.


2.12.3.2 Solaris x86 Notes
..........................

On Solaris 8 on x86, `mysqld' will dump core if you remove the debug
symbols using `strip'.

If you are using `gcc' or `egcs' on Solaris x86 and you experience
problems with core dumps under load, you should use the following
`configure' command:

     CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -DHAVE_CURSES_H" \
     CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \
         -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -DHAVE_CURSES_H" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql

This will avoid problems with the `libstdc++' library and with C++
exceptions.

If this doesn't help, you should compile a debug version and run it
with a trace file or under `gdb'.  *Note Using `gdb' on `mysqld': Using
gdb on mysqld.


2.12.4 BSD Notes
----------------

This section provides information about using MySQL on variants of BSD
Unix.

* Menu:

* FreeBSD::                     FreeBSD Notes
* NetBSD::                      NetBSD Notes
* OpenBSD::                     OpenBSD 2.5 Notes
* OpenBSD 2.8::                 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes
* BSDI::                        BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes
* BSDI3::                       BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes
* BSDI4::                       BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes


2.12.4.1 FreeBSD Notes
......................

FreeBSD 4.x or newer is recommended for running MySQL, because the
thread package is much more integrated.  To get a secure and stable
system, you should use only FreeBSD kernels that are marked `-RELEASE'.

The easiest (and preferred) way to install MySQL is to use the
`mysql-server' and `mysql-client' ports available at
`http://www.freebsd.org/'.  Using these ports gives you the following
benefits:

   * A working MySQL with all optimizations enabled that are known to
     work on your version of FreeBSD.

   * Automatic configuration and build.

   * Startup scripts installed in `/usr/local/etc/rc.d'.

   * The ability to use `pkg_info -L' to see which files are installed.

   * The ability to use `pkg_delete' to remove MySQL if you no longer
     want it on your machine.

It is recommended you use MIT-pthreads on FreeBSD 2.x, and native
threads on Versions 3 and up. It is possible to run with native threads
on some late 2.2.x versions, but you may encounter problems shutting
down `mysqld'.

Unfortunately, certain function calls on FreeBSD are not yet fully
thread-safe.  Most notably, this includes the `gethostbyname()'
function, which is used by MySQL to convert hostnames into IP
addresses. Under certain circumstances, the `mysqld' process will
suddenly cause 100% CPU load and will be unresponsive. If you encounter
this problem, try to start MySQL using the `--skip-name-resolve' option.

Alternatively, you can link MySQL on FreeBSD 4.x against the
LinuxThreads library, which avoids a few of the problems that the
native FreeBSD thread implementation has. For a very good comparison of
LinuxThreads versus native threads, see Jeremy Zawodny's article
`FreeBSD or Linux for your MySQL Server?' at
`http://jeremy.zawodny.com/blog/archives/000697.html'.

A known problem when using LinuxThreads on FreeBSD is that the
`wait_timeout' value is not honored (probably a signal handling problem
in FreeBSD/LinuxThreads).  This is supposed to be fixed in FreeBSD 5.0.
The symptom is that persistent connections can hang for a very long
time without getting closed down.

The MySQL build process requires GNU make (`gmake') to work.  If GNU
`make' is not available, you must install it first before compiling
MySQL.

The recommended way to compile and install MySQL on FreeBSD with `gcc'
(2.95.2 and up) is:

     CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O2 -fno-strength-reduce" \
         CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions \
         -felide-constructors -fno-strength-reduce" \
         ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler
     gmake
     gmake install
     cd /usr/local/mysql
     bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
     bin/mysqld_safe &

If you notice that `configure' will use MIT-pthreads, you should read
the MIT-pthreads notes.  *Note MIT-pthreads::.

If you get an error from `make install' that it can't find
`/usr/include/pthreads', `configure' didn't detect that you need
MIT-pthreads. To fix this problem, remove `config.cache', then re-run
`configure' with the `--with-mit-threads' option.

Be sure that your name resolver setup is correct.  Otherwise, you may
experience resolver delays or failures when connecting to `mysqld'.
Also make sure that the `localhost' entry in the `/etc/hosts' file is
correct.  The file should start with a line similar to this:

     127.0.0.1       localhost localhost.your.domain

FreeBSD is known to have a very low default file handle limit.  *Note
Not enough file handles::.  Start the server by using the
`--open-files-limit' option for `mysqld_safe', or raise the limits for
the `mysqld' user in `/etc/login.conf' and rebuild it with `cap_mkdb
/etc/login.conf'.  Also be sure that you set the appropriate class for
this user in the password file if you are not using the default (use
`chpass mysqld-user-name').  *Note `mysqld_safe': mysqld_safe.

If you have a lot of memory, you should consider rebuilding the kernel
to allow MySQL to use more than 512MB of RAM.  Take a look at `option
MAXDSIZ' in the LINT config file for more information.

If you get problems with the current date in MySQL, setting the `TZ'
variable will probably help.  *Note Environment variables::.


2.12.4.2 NetBSD Notes
.....................

To compile on NetBSD, you need GNU `make'. Otherwise, the build process
will fail when `make' tries to run `lint' on C++ files.


2.12.4.3 OpenBSD 2.5 Notes
..........................

On OpenBSD Version 2.5, you can compile MySQL with native threads with
the following options:

     CFLAGS=-pthread CXXFLAGS=-pthread ./configure --with-mit-threads=no


2.12.4.4 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes
..........................

Our users have reported that OpenBSD 2.8 has a threading bug that causes
problems with MySQL.  The OpenBSD Developers have fixed the problem,
but as of January 25, 2001, it's only available in the "-current"
branch.  The symptoms of this threading bug are slow response, high
load, high CPU usage, and crashes.

If you get an error like `Error in accept:: Bad file descriptor' or
error 9 when trying to open tables or directories, the problem is
probably that you have not allocated enough file descriptors for MySQL.

In this case, try starting `mysqld_safe' as `root' with the following
options:

     mysqld_safe --user=mysql --open-files-limit=2048 &


2.12.4.5 BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes
.................................

If you get the following error when compiling MySQL, your `ulimit'
value for virtual memory is too low:

     item_func.h: In method
     `Item_func_ge::Item_func_ge(const Item_func_ge &)':
     item_func.h:28: virtual memory exhausted
     make[2]: *** [item_func.o] Error 1

Try using `ulimit -v 80000' and run `make' again.  If this doesn't work
and you are using `bash', try switching to `csh' or `sh'; some BSDI
users have reported problems with `bash' and `ulimit'.

If you are using `gcc', you may also use have to use the
`--with-low-memory' flag for `configure' to be able to compile
`sql_yacc.cc'.

If you get problems with the current date in MySQL, setting the `TZ'
variable will probably help.  *Note Environment variables::.


2.12.4.6 BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes
.................................

Upgrade to BSD/OS Version 3.1.  If that is not possible, install
BSDIpatch M300-038.

Use the following command when configuring MySQL:

     env CXX=shlicc++ CC=shlicc2 \
     ./configure \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --localstatedir=/var/mysql \
         --without-perl \
         --with-unix-socket-path=/var/mysql/mysql.sock

The following is also known to work:

     env CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \
     ./configure \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --with-unix-socket-path=/var/mysql/mysql.sock

You can change the directory locations if you wish, or just use the
defaults by not specifying any locations.

If you have problems with performance under heavy load, try using the
`--skip-thread-priority' option to `mysqld'!  This will run all threads
with the same priority. On BSDI Version 3.1, this gives better
performance, at least until BSDI fixes its thread scheduler.

If you get the error `virtual memory exhausted' while compiling, you
should try using `ulimit -v 80000' and running `make' again.  If this
doesn't work and you are using `bash', try switching to `csh' or `sh';
some BSDI users have reported problems with `bash' and `ulimit'.


2.12.4.7 BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes
.................................

BSDI Version 4.x has some thread-related bugs.  If you want to use
MySQL on this, you should install all thread-related patches.  At least
M400-023 should be installed.

On some BSDI Version 4.x systems, you may get problems with shared
libraries.  The symptom is that you can't execute any client programs,
for example, `mysqladmin'.  In this case, you need to reconfigure not
to use shared libraries with the `--disable-shared' option to configure.

Some customers have had problems on BSDI 4.0.1 that the `mysqld' binary
after a while can't open tables.  This is because some
library/system-related bug causes `mysqld' to change current directory
without having asked for that to happen.

The fix is to either upgrade MySQL to at least version 3.23.34 or, after
running `configure', remove the line `#define HAVE_REALPATH' from
`config.h' before running `make'.

Note that this means that you can't symbolically link a database
directories to another database directory or symbolic link a table to
another database on BSDI.  (Making a symbolic link to another disk is
okay).


2.12.5 Other Unix Notes
-----------------------

* Menu:

* HP-UX 10.20::                 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes
* HP-UX 11.x::                  HP-UX Version 11.x Notes
* IBM-AIX::                     IBM-AIX notes
* SunOS::                       SunOS 4 Notes
* Alpha-DEC-UNIX::              Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)
* Alpha-DEC-OSF1::              Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes
* SGI-Irix::                    SGI Irix Notes
* SCO::                         SCO Notes
* SCO UnixWare::                SCO UnixWare Version 7.1.x Notes


2.12.5.1 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes
..................................

There are a couple of small problems when compiling MySQL on HP-UX.  We
recommend that you use `gcc' instead of the HP-UX native compiler,
because `gcc' produces better code.

We recommend using `gcc' 2.95 on HP-UX.  Don't use high optimization
flags (such as `-O6') because they may not be safe on HP-UX.

The following `configure' line should work with `gcc' 2.95:

     CFLAGS="-I/opt/dce/include -fpic" \
     CXXFLAGS="-I/opt/dce/include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions \
     -fno-rtti" \
     CXX=gcc \
     ./configure --with-pthread \
         --with-named-thread-libs='-ldce' \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared

The following `configure' line should work with `gcc' 3.1:

     CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -felide-constructors \
         -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3 -fPIC" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \
         --enable-local-infile  --with-pthread \
         --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce --with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC
         --disable-shared


2.12.5.2 HP-UX Version 11.x Notes
.................................

For HP-UX Version 11.x, we recommend MySQL 3.23.15 or later.

Because of some critical bugs in the standard HP-UX libraries, you
should install the following patches before trying to run MySQL on
HP-UX 11.0:

     PHKL_22840 Streams cumulative
     PHNE_22397 ARPA cumulative

This will solve the problem of getting `EWOULDBLOCK' from `recv()' and
`EBADF' from `accept()' in threaded applications.

If you are using `gcc' 2.95.1 on an unpatched HP-UX 11.x system, you
will get the error:

     In file included from /usr/include/unistd.h:11,
                      from ../include/global.h:125,
                      from mysql_priv.h:15,
                      from item.cc:19:
     /usr/include/sys/unistd.h:184: declaration of C function ...
     /usr/include/sys/pthread.h:440: previous declaration ...
     In file included from item.h:306,
                      from mysql_priv.h:158,
                      from item.cc:19:

The problem is that HP-UX doesn't define `pthreads_atfork()'
consistently.  It has conflicting prototypes in
`/usr/include/sys/unistd.h':184 and `/usr/include/sys/pthread.h':440.

One solution is to copy `/usr/include/sys/unistd.h' into
`mysql/include' and edit `unistd.h' and change it to match the
definition in `pthread.h'.  Look for this line:

     extern int pthread_atfork(void (*prepare)(), void (*parent)(),
                                               void (*child)());

Change it to look like this:

     extern int pthread_atfork(void (*prepare)(void), void (*parent)(void),
                                               void (*child)(void));

After making the change, the following `configure' line should work:

     CFLAGS="-fomit-frame-pointer -O3 -fpic" CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared

If you are using MySQL 4.0.5 with the HP-UX compiler, you can use the
following command (which has been tested with `cc' B.11.11.04):

     CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure \
         --with-extra-character-set=complex

You can ignore any errors of the following type:

     aCC: warning 901: unknown option: `-3': use +help for online
     documentation

If you get the following error from `configure', verify that you don't
have the path to the K&R compiler before the path to the HP-UX C and
C++ compiler:

     checking for cc option to accept ANSI C... no
     configure: error: MySQL requires an ANSI C compiler (and a C++ compiler).
     Try gcc. See the Installation chapter in the Reference Manual.

Another reason for not being able to compile is that you didn't define
the `+DD64' flags as just described.

Another possibility for HP-UX 11 is to use MySQL binaries for HP-UX
10.20.  We have received reports from some users that these binaries
work fine on HP-UX 11.00. If you encounter problems, be sure to check
your HP-UX patch level.


2.12.5.3 IBM-AIX notes
......................

Automatic detection of `xlC' is missing from Autoconf, so a number of
variables need to be set before running `configure'. The following
example uses the IBM compiler:

     export CC="xlc_r -ma -O3 -qstrict -qoptimize=3 -qmaxmem=8192 "
     export CXX="xlC_r -ma -O3 -qstrict -qoptimize=3 -qmaxmem=8192"
     export CFLAGS="-I /usr/local/include"
     export LDFLAGS="-L /usr/local/lib"
     export CPPFLAGS=$CFLAGS
     export CXXFLAGS=$CFLAGS

     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local \
                     --localstatedir=/var/mysql \
                     --sbindir='/usr/local/bin' \
                     --libexecdir='/usr/local/bin' \
                     --enable-thread-safe-client \
                     --enable-large-files

The preceding options are used to compile the MySQL distribution that
can be found at `http://www-frec.bull.com/'.

If you change the `-O3' to `-O2' in the preceding `configure' line, you
must also remove the `-qstrict' option. This is a limitation in the IBM
C compiler.

If you are using `gcc' or `egcs' to compile MySQL, you _must_ use the
`-fno-exceptions' flag, because the exception handling in `gcc'/`egcs'
is not thread-safe!  (This is tested with `egcs' 1.1.)  There are also
some known problems with IBM's assembler that may cause it to generate
bad code when used with `gcc'.

We recommend the following `configure' line with `egcs' and `gcc' 2.95
on AIX:

     CC="gcc -pipe -mcpu=power -Wa,-many" \
     CXX="gcc -pipe -mcpu=power -Wa,-many" \
     CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory

The `-Wa,-many' option is necessary for the compile to be successful.
IBM is aware of this problem but is in no hurry to fix it because of the
workaround that is available.  We don't know if the `-fno-exceptions'
is required with `gcc' 2.95, but because MySQL doesn't use exceptions
and the option generates faster code, we recommend that you should
always use it with `egcs' / `gcc'.

If you get a problem with assembler code, try changing the `-mcpu=XXX'
option to match your CPU. Typically `power2', `power', or `powerpc' may
need to be used.  Alternatively, you might need to use `604' or `604e'.
We are not positive but suspect that `power' would likely be safe most
of the time, even on a power2 machine.

If you don't know what your CPU is, execute a `uname -m' command.  It
will produce a string that looks like `000514676700', with a format of
`xxyyyyyymmss' where `xx' and `ss' are always `00', `yyyyyy' is a
unique system ID and `mm' is the ID of the CPU Planar.  A chart of
these values can be found at
`http://www16.boulder.ibm.com/pseries/en_US/cmds/aixcmds5/uname.htm'.
This will give you a machine type and a machine model you can use to
determine what type of CPU you have.

If you have problems with signals (MySQL dies unexpectedly under high
load), you may have found an OS bug with threads and signals.  In this
case, you can tell MySQL not to use signals by configuring as follows:

     CFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM CXX=gcc \
     CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti \
     -DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-debug \
         --with-low-memory

This doesn't affect the performance of MySQL, but has the side effect
that you can't kill clients that are "sleeping" on a connection with
`mysqladmin kill' or `mysqladmin shutdown'.  Instead, the client will
die when it issues its next command.

On some versions of AIX, linking with `libbind.a' makes
`getservbyname()' dump core.  This is an AIX bug and should be reported
to IBM.

For AIX 4.2.1 and `gcc', you have to make the following changes.

After configuring, edit `config.h' and `include/my_config.h' and change
the line that says this:

     #define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1

to this:

     #undef HAVE_SNPRINTF

And finally, in `mysqld.cc', you need to add a prototype for
`initgroups()'.

     #ifdef _AIX41
     extern "C" int initgroups(const char *,int);
     #endif

If you need to allocate a lot of memory to the `mysqld' process, it's
not enough to just use `ulimit -d unlimited'. You may also have to
modify `mysqld_safe' to add a line something like this:

     export LDR_CNTRL='MAXDATA=0x80000000'

You can find more information about using a lot of memory at
`http://publib16.boulder.ibm.com/pseries/en_US/aixprggd/genprogc/lrg_prg_support.htm'.


2.12.5.4 SunOS 4 Notes
......................

On SunOS 4, MIT-pthreads is needed to compile MySQL. This in turn means
you will need GNU `make'.

Some SunOS 4 systems have problems with dynamic libraries and `libtool'.
You can use the following `configure' line to avoid this problem:

     ./configure --disable-shared --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static

When compiling `readline', you may get warnings about duplicate defines.
These can be ignored.

When compiling `mysqld', there will be some `implicit declaration of
function' warnings. These can be ignored.


2.12.5.5 Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)
.....................................

If you are using `egcs' 1.1.2 on Digital Unix, you should upgrade to
`gcc' 2.95.2, because `egcs' on DEC has some serious bugs!

When compiling threaded programs under Digital Unix, the documentation
recommends using the `-pthread' option for `cc' and `cxx' and the
`-lmach -lexc' libraries (in addition to `-lpthread').  You should run
`configure' something like this:

     CC="cc -pthread" CXX="cxx -pthread -O" \
     ./configure --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc"

When compiling `mysqld', you may see a couple of warnings like this:

     mysqld.cc: In function void handle_connections()':
     mysqld.cc:626: passing long unsigned int *' as argument 3 of
     accept(int,sockadddr *, int *)'

You can safely ignore these warnings.  They occur because `configure'
can detect only errors, not warnings.

If you start the server directly from the command line, you may have
problems with it dying when you log out.  (When you log out, your
outstanding processes receive a `SIGHUP' signal.)  If so, try starting
the server like this:

     nohup mysqld [OPTIONS] &

`nohup' causes the command following it to ignore any `SIGHUP' signal
sent from the terminal.  Alternatively, start the server by running
`mysqld_safe', which invokes `mysqld' using `nohup' for you.  *Note
`mysqld_safe': mysqld_safe.

If you get a problem when compiling `mysys/get_opt.c', just remove the
`#define _NO_PROTO' line from the start of that file.

If you are using Compaq's CC compiler, the following `configure' line
should work:

     CC="cc -pthread"
     CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed all -arch host"
     CXX="cxx -pthread"
     CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed all \
         -arch host -noexceptions -nortti"
     export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS
     ./configure \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --with-low-memory \
         --enable-large-files \
         --enable-shared=yes \
         --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc"
     gnumake

If you get a problem with `libtool' when compiling with shared libraries
as just shown, when linking `mysql', you should be able to get around
this by issuing these commands:

     cd mysql
     /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=link cxx -pthread  -O3 -DDBUG_OFF \
         -O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed \
         -speculate all \ -arch host  -DUNDEF_HAVE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R \
         -o mysql  mysql.o readline.o sql_string.o completion_hash.o \
         ../readline/libreadline.a -lcurses \
         ../libmysql/.libs/libmysqlclient.so  -lm
     cd ..
     gnumake
     gnumake install
     scripts/mysql_install_db


2.12.5.6 Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes
..............................

If you have problems compiling and have DEC `CC' and `gcc' installed,
try running `configure' like this:

     CC=cc CFLAGS=-O CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql

If you get problems with the `c_asm.h' file, you can create and use a
'dummy' `c_asm.h' file with:

     touch include/c_asm.h
     CC=gcc CFLAGS=-I./include \
     CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql

Note that the following problems with the `ld' program can be fixed by
downloading the latest DEC (Compaq) patch kit from:
`http://ftp.support.compaq.com/public/unix/'.

On OSF/1 V4.0D and compiler "DEC C V5.6-071 on Digital Unix V4.0 (Rev.
878)," the compiler had some strange behavior (undefined `asm' symbols).
`/bin/ld' also appears to be broken (problems with `_exit undefined'
errors occurring while linking `mysqld').  On this system, we have
managed to compile MySQL with the following `configure' line, after
replacing `/bin/ld' with the version from OSF 4.0C:

     CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql

With the Digital compiler "C++ V6.1-029," the following should work:

     CC=cc -pthread
     CFLAGS=-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed \
            -speculate all -arch host
     CXX=cxx -pthread
     CXXFLAGS=-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed \
              -speculate all -arch host -noexceptions -nortti
     export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/mysql/mysql \
                 --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared \
                 --with-named-thread-libs="-lmach -lexc -lc"

In some versions of OSF/1, the `alloca()' function is broken. Fix this
by removing the line in `config.h' that defines `'HAVE_ALLOCA''.

The `alloca()' function also may have an incorrect prototype in
`/usr/include/alloca.h'.  This warning resulting from this can be
ignored.

`configure' will use the following thread libraries automatically:
`--with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc"'.

When using `gcc', you can also try running `configure' like this:

     CFLAGS=-D_PTHREAD_USE_D4 CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure ...

If you have problems with signals (MySQL dies unexpectedly under high
load), you may have found an OS bug with threads and signals. In this
case, you can tell MySQL not to use signals by configuring with:

     CFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM \
     CXXFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM \
     ./configure ...

This doesn't affect the performance of MySQL, but has the side effect
that you can't kill clients that are "sleeping" on a connection with
`mysqladmin kill' or `mysqladmin shutdown'.  Instead, the client will
die when it issues its next command.

With `gcc' 2.95.2, you will probably run into the following compile
error:

     sql_acl.cc:1456: Internal compiler error in `scan_region',
     at except.c:2566
     Please submit a full bug report.

To fix this, you should change to the `sql' directory and do a
cut-and-paste of the last `gcc' line, but change `-O3' to `-O0' (or add
`-O0' immediately after `gcc' if you don't have any `-O' option on your
compile line).  After this is done, you can just change back to the
top-level directory and run `make' again.


2.12.5.7 SGI Irix Notes
.......................

If you are using Irix Version 6.5.3 or newer, `mysqld' will be able to
create threads only if you run it as a user that has `CAP_SCHED_MGT'
privileges (such as `root') or give the `mysqld' server this privilege
with the following shell command:

     chcap "CAP_SCHED_MGT+epi" /opt/mysql/libexec/mysqld

You may have to undefine some symbols in `config.h' after running
`configure' and before compiling.

In some Irix implementations, the `alloca()' function is broken.  If the
`mysqld' server dies on some `SELECT' statements, remove the lines from
`config.h' that define `HAVE_ALLOC' and `HAVE_ALLOCA_H'.  If
`mysqladmin create' doesn't work, remove the line from `config.h' that
defines `HAVE_READDIR_R'.  You may have to remove the `HAVE_TERM_H'
line as well.

SGI recommends that you install all the patches on this page as a set:
`http://support.sgi.com/surfzone/patches/patchset/6.2_indigo.rps.html'

At the very minimum, you should install the latest kernel rollup, the
latest `rld' rollup, and the latest `libc' rollup.

You definitely need all the POSIX patches on this page, for pthreads
support:

`http://support.sgi.com/surfzone/patches/patchset/6.2_posix.rps.html'

If you get the something like the following error when compiling
`mysql.cc':

     "/usr/include/curses.h", line 82: error(1084):
     invalid combination of type

Type the following in the top-level directory of your MySQL source tree:

     extra/replace bool curses_bool < /usr/include/curses.h > include/curses.h
     make

There have also been reports of scheduling problems.  If only one
thread is running, performance is slow.  Avoid this by starting another
client.  This may lead to a two-to-tenfold increase in execution speed
thereafter for the other thread.  This is a poorly understood problem
with Irix threads; you may have to improvise to find solutions until
this can be fixed.

If you are compiling with `gcc', you can use the following `configure'
command:

     CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-thread-safe-client \
         --with-named-thread-libs=-lpthread

On Irix 6.5.11 with native Irix C and C++ compilers ver. 7.3.1.2, the
following is reported to work

     CC=cc CXX=CC CFLAGS='-O3 -n32 -TARG:platform=IP22 -I/usr/local/include \
     -L/usr/local/lib' CXXFLAGS='-O3 -n32 -TARG:platform=IP22 \
     -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib' \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-innodb --with-berkeley-db \
         --with-libwrap=/usr/local \
         --with-named-curses-libs=/usr/local/lib/libncurses.a


2.12.5.8 SCO Notes
..................

The current port is tested only on "sco3.2v5.0.5," "sco3.2v5.0.6," and
"sco3.2v5.0.7" systems. There has also been a lot of progress on a port
to "sco 3.2v4.2."  Open Server 5.0.8(Legend) will have native threads
and allow files greater than 2GB.  The current maximum file size is 2GB.

We have been able to compile MySQL with the following `configure'
command on on OpenServer with `gcc' 2.95.3.

     CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --enable-thread-safe-client --with-innodb \
         --with-openssl --with-vio --with-extra-charsets=complex

`gcc' is available at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openserver5/opensrc/gnutools-5.0.7Kj'.

This development system requires the OpenServer Execution Enviroment
Supplement oss646B on OpenServer 5.0.6 and oss656B and The OpenSource
libraries found in gwxlibs.  All OpenSource tools are in the `opensrc'
directory.  They are available at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openserver5/opensrc/'.

We recommend using the latest production release of MySQL.  Currently
MySQL-4.0.x is the latest production release.  There were some problems
with MySQL 4.0.17 and MySQL 4.0.18, but they have now been fixed.

SCO provides operating system patches at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openserver5' for OpenServer 5.0.[0-6] and
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openserverv5/507' for OpenServer 5.0.7.

SCO provides information about security fixes at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/security/OpenServer' for OpenServer 5.0.x.

The maximum file size on an OpenSever 5.0.x system is 2GB.

The total memory which could be allocated for streams buffers, clists
and lock records cannot exceed 60MB on OpenServer 5.0.x.

Streams buffers are allocated in units of 4096 byte pages, clists are 70
bytes each, and lock records are 64 bytes each, so:

     (NSTRPAGES * 4096) + (NCLIST * 70) + (MAX_FLCKREC * 64) <= 62914560

Follow this procedure to configure the Database Services option. If you
are unsure whether an application requires this, see the documentation
provided with the application.

  1. Log in as `root'.

  2. Enable the SUDS driver by editing the `/etc/conf/sdevice.d/suds'
     file.  Change the `N' in the second field to a `Y'.

  3. Use `mkdev aio' or the Hardware/Kernel Manager to enable support
     for asynchronous I/O and relink the kernel. To allow users to lock
     down memory for use with this type of I/O, update the
     aiomemlock(F) file. This file should be updated to include the
     names of users that can use AIO and the maximum amounts of memory
     they can lock down.

  4. Many applications use setuid binaries so that you need to specify
     only a single user. See the documentation provided with the
     application to see if this is the case for your application.

After you complete this process, reboot the system to create a new
kernel incorporating these changes.

By default, the entries in `/etc/conf/cf.d/mtune' are set as follows:

     Value           Default         Min             Max
     -----           -------         ---             ---
     NBUF            0               24              450000
     NHBUF           0               32              524288
     NMPBUF          0               12              512
     MAX_INODE       0               100             64000
     MAX_FILE        0               100             64000
     CTBUFSIZE       128             0               256
     MAX_PROC        0               50              16000
     MAX_REGION      0               500             160000
     NCLIST          170             120             16640
     MAXUP           100             15              16000
     NOFILES         110             60              11000
     NHINODE         128             64              8192
     NAUTOUP         10              0               60
     NGROUPS         8               0               128
     BDFLUSHR        30              1               300
     MAX_FLCKREC     0               50              16000
     PUTBUFSZ        8000            2000            20000
     MAXSLICE        100             25              100
     ULIMIT          4194303         2048            4194303
     * Streams Parameters
     NSTREAM         64              1               32768
     NSTRPUSH        9               9               9
     NMUXLINK        192             1               4096
     STRMSGSZ        16384           4096            524288
     STRCTLSZ        1024            1024            1024
     STRMAXBLK       524288          4096            524288
     NSTRPAGES       500             0               8000
     STRSPLITFRAC    80              50              100
     NLOG            3               3               3
     NUMSP           64              1               256
     NUMTIM          16              1               8192
     NUMTRW          16              1               8192
     * Semaphore Parameters
     SEMMAP          10              10              8192
     SEMMNI          10              10              8192
     SEMMNS          60              60              8192
     SEMMNU          30              10              8192
     SEMMSL          25              25              150
     SEMOPM          10              10              1024
     SEMUME          10              10              25
     SEMVMX          32767           32767           32767
     SEMAEM          16384           16384           16384
     * Shared Memory Parameters
     SHMMAX          524288          131072          2147483647
     SHMMIN          1               1               1
     SHMMNI          100             100             2000
     FILE            0               100             64000
     NMOUNT          0               4               256
     NPROC           0               50              16000
     NREGION         0               500             160000

We recommend setting these values as follows:

`NOFILES' should be 4096 or 2048.

`MAXUP' should be 2048.

To make changes to the kernel, `cd' to `/etc/conf/bin' and use
`./idtune' NAME PARAMETER to make the changes. For example, to change
`SEMMS' to `200', execute these commands as `root':

     # cd /etc/conf/bin
     # ./idtune SEMMNS 200

We recommend tuning the system, but the proper parameter values to use
depend on the number of users accessing the application or database and
size the of the database (that is, the used buffer pool). The following
will affect the following kernel parameters defined in
`/etc/conf/cf.d/stune':

`SHMMAX' (recommended setting: 128MB) and `SHMSEG' (recommended
setting: 15).  These parameters have influence on the MySQL database
engine to create user buffer pools.

`NOFILES' and `MAXUP' should be at to at least 2048.

`MAXPROC' should be set to at least 3000/4000 (depends on number of
users) or more.

Also is recommended to use following formula to count value for
`SEMMSL', `SEMMNS' and `SEMMNU':

     SEMMSL = 13

The 13 is what has been found to be the best for both Progress and
MySQL.

`SEMMNS' = `SEMMSL' * number of db servers to be run on the system.

Set `SEMMNS' to the value of `SEMMSL' multiplied by the number of db
servers (maximum) that you will be running on the system at one time.

     SEMMNU = SEMMNS

Set the value of `SEMMNU' to equal the value of `SEMMNS'. You could
probably set this to 75% of `SEMMNS', but this is a conservative
estimate.

You need to at least install the "SCO OpenServer Linker and Application
Development Libraries" or the OpenServer Development System to use
`gcc'.  You cannot just use the GCC Dev system without installing one
of these.

You should get the FSU Pthreads package and install it first. This can
be found at
`http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/ftp/pub/PART/pthreads.tar.gz'.  You
can also get a precompiled package from
`ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/prgms/FSU-threads-3.14.tar.gz'.

FSU Pthreads can be compiled with SCO Unix 4.2 with tcpip, or using
OpenServer 3.0 or Open Desktop 3.0 (OS 3.0 ODT 3.0) with the SCO
Development System installed using a good port of GCC 2.5.x. For ODT or
OS 3.0, you will need a good port of GCC 2.5.x. There are a lot of
problems without a good port. The port for this product requires the
SCO Unix Development system. Without it, you are missing the libraries
and the linker that is needed.  You will also need
`SCO-3.2v4.2-includes.tar.gz'. This file contains the changes to the
SCO Development include files that are needed to get MySQL to build.
You need to replace the existing system include files with these
modified header files.  They can be obtained from
`ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/prgms/SCO-3.2v4.2-includes.tar.gz'.

To build FSU Pthreads on your system, all you should need to do is run
GNU `make'.  The `Makefile' in FSU-threads-3.14.tar.gz is already set
up to make FSU-threads.

You can run `./configure' in the `threads/src' directory and select the
SCO OpenServer option. This command copies `Makefile.SCO5' to
`Makefile'.  Then run `make'.

To install in the default `/usr/include' directory, log in as `root',
then `cd' to the `thread/src' directory and run `make install'.

Remember that you must use GNU `make' when making MySQL.

*Note*: If you don't start `mysqld_safe' as `root', you probably will
get only the default 110 open files per process. `mysqld' will write a
note about this in the log file.

With SCO 3.2V4.2, you should use FSU Pthreads version 3.14 or newer.
The following `configure' command should work:

     CFLAGS="-D_XOPEN_XPG4" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-D_XOPEN_XPG4" \
     ./configure \
         --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --with-named-thread-libs="-lgthreads -lsocket -lgen -lgthreads" \
         --with-named-curses-libs="-lcurses"

You may get some problems with some include files. In this case, you can
find new SCO-specific include files at
`ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/prgms/SCO-3.2v4.2-includes.tar.gz'.

You should unpack this file in the `include' directory of your MySQL
source tree.

SCO development notes:

   bullet MySQL should automatically detect FSU Pthreads and link
     `mysqld' with `-lgthreads -lsocket -lgthreads'.

   bullet The SCO development libraries are re-entrant in FSU Pthreads.
     SCO claims that its library functions are re-entrant, so they must
     be re-entrant with FSU Pthreads. FSU Pthreads on OpenServer tries
     to use the SCO scheme to make re-entrant libraries.

   bullet FSU Pthreads (at least the version at `ftp::/ftp.zenez.com')
     comes linked with GNU `malloc'. If you encounter problems with
     memory usage, make sure that `gmalloc.o' is included in
     `libgthreads.a' and `libgthreads.so'.

   bullet In FSU Pthreads, the following system calls are
     pthreads-aware: `read()', `write()', `getmsg()', `connect()',
     `accept(),' `select()', and `wait()'.

   bullet The CSSA-2001-SCO.35.2 (the patch is listed in custom as
     erg711905-dscr_remap security patch (version 2.0.0)) breaks FSU
     threads and makes `mysqld' unstable. You have to remove this one
     if you want to run `mysqld' on an OpenServer 5.0.6 machine.

   bullet SCO provides operating system patches at
     `ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openserver5' for OpenServer 5.0.x.

   bullet SCO provides security fixes and `libsocket.so.2' at
     `ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/security/OpenServer' and
     `ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/security/sse' for OpenServer 5.0.x.

   bullet Pre-OSR506 security fixes. Also, the `telnetd' fix at
     `ftp://stage.caldera.com/pub/security/openserver/' or
     `ftp://stage.caldera.com/pub/security/openserver/CSSA-2001-SCO.10/'
     as both `libsocket.so.2' and `libresolv.so.1' with instructions for
     installing on pre-OSR506 systems.

     It's probably a good idea to install these patches before trying
     to compile/use MySQL.


Begining with Legend, OpenServer will have native threads and no 2GB
file size limit.


2.12.5.9 SCO UnixWare Version 7.1.x Notes
.........................................

We recommend using the latest production release of MySQL.  Currently
this is MySQL 4.0.x.  Should you choose to use an older release of
MySQL on UnixWare 7.1.x, you must use a version of MySQL at least as
recent as 3.22.13 to get fixes for some portability and OS problems.

We have been able to compile MySQL with the following `configure'
command on UnixWare Version 7.1.x:

     CC="cc" CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include" \
     CXX="CC" CXXFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include" \
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \
         --enable-thread-safe-client --with-berkeley-db=./bdb \
         --with-innodb --with-openssl --with-extra-charsets=complex

If you want to use `gcc', you must use `gcc' 2.95.3 or newer.

     CC=gcc CXX=g++ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql

SCO provides operating system patches at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/unixware7' for UnixWare 7.1.1,
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/unixware7/713/' for UnixWare 7.1.3,
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/unixware7/714/' for UnixWare 7.1.4, and
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/openunix8' for OpenUNIX 8.0.0.

SCO provides information about security fixes at
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/security/OpenUNIX' for OpenUNIX and
`ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/security/UnixWare' for UnixWare.

By default, the maximum file size on a UnixWare 7 system is 1GB.  Many
OS utilities have a limitation of 2GB.  The maximum possible file size
on UnixWare 7 is 1TB with VXFS.

To enable large file support on UnixWare 7.1.x, run `fsadm'.

     # fsadm -Fvxfs -o largefiles /
     # fsadm /					* Note
     # ulimit unlimited
     # cd /etc/conf/bin
     # ./idtune SFSZLIM 0x7FFFFFFF			** Note
     # ./idtune HFSZLIM 0x7FFFFFFF			** Note
     # ./idbuild -B

     * This should report "largefiles".
     ** 0x7FFFFFFF represents infinity for these values.

Reboot the system using `shutdown'.

By default, the entries in `/etc/conf/cf.d/mtune' are set to:

     Value           Default         Min             Max
     -----           -------         ---             ---
     SVMMLIM         0x9000000       0x1000000       0x7FFFFFFF
     HVMMLIM         0x9000000       0x1000000       0x7FFFFFFF
     SSTKLIM         0x1000000       0x2000          0x7FFFFFFF
     HSTKLIM         0x1000000       0x2000          0x7FFFFFFF

We recommend setting these values as follows:

     SDATLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     HDATLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     SSTKLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     HSTKLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     SVMMLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     HVMMLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
     SFNOLIM 2048
     HFNOLIM 2048

We recommend tuning the system, but the proper parameter values to use
depend on the number of users accessing the application or database and
size the of the database (that is, the used buffer pool). The following
will affect the following kernel parameters defined in
`/etc/conf/cf.d/stune':

`SHMMAX' (recommended setting: 128MB) and `SHMSEG' (recommended
setting: 15).  These parameters have influence on the MySQL database
engine to create user buffer pools.

`SFNOLIM' and `HFNOLIM' should be at maximum 2048.

`NPROC' should be set to at least 3000/4000 (depends on number of
users).

Also is recommended to use following formula to count value for
`SEMMSL', `SEMMNS', and `SEMMNU':

     SEMMSL = 13

13 is what has been found to be the best for both Progress and MySQL.

`SEMMNS' = `SEMMSL' * number of db servers to be run on the system.

Set `SEMMNS' to the value of `SEMMSL' multiplied by the number of db
servers (maximum) that you will be running on the system at one time.

`SEMMNU' = `SEMMNS'

Set the value of `SEMMNU' to equal the value of `SEMMNS'. You could
probably set this to 75% of `SEMMNS', but this is a conservative
estimate.


2.12.6 OS/2 Notes
-----------------

MySQL uses quite a few open files. Because of this, you should add
something like the following to your `CONFIG.SYS' file:

     SET EMXOPT=-c -n -h1024

If you don't do this, you will probably run into the following error:

     File 'XXXX' not found (Errcode: 24)

When using MySQL with OS/2 Warp 3, FixPack 29 or above is required.
With OS/2 Warp 4, FixPack 4 or above is required. This is a requirement
of the Pthreads library.  MySQL must be installed on a partition with a
type that supports long filenames, such as HPFS, FAT32, and so on.

The `INSTALL.CMD' script must be run from OS/2's own `CMD.EXE' and may
not work with replacement shells such as `4OS2.EXE'.

The `scripts/mysql-install-db' script has been renamed.  It is now
called `install.cmd' and is a REXX script, which will set up the default
MySQL security settings and create the WorkPlace Shell icons for MySQL.

Dynamic module support is compiled in but not fully tested. Dynamic
modules should be compiled using the Pthreads runtime library.

     gcc -Zdll -Zmt -Zcrtdll=pthrdrtl -I../include -I../regex -I.. \
         -o example udf_example.cc -L../lib -lmysqlclient udf_example.def
     mv example.dll example.udf

*Note*: Due to limitations in OS/2, UDF module name stems must not
exceed eight characters. Modules are stored in the `/mysql2/udf'
directory; the `safe-mysqld.cmd' script will put this directory in the
`BEGINLIBPATH' environment variable. When using UDF modules, specified
extensions are ignored--it is assumed to be `.udf'.  For example, in
Unix, the shared module might be named `example.so' and you would load
a function from it like this:

     mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME 'example.so';

In OS/2, the module would be named `example.udf', but you would not
specify the module extension:

     mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME 'example';


2.12.7 BeOS Notes
-----------------

We have in the past talked with some BeOS developers who have said that
MySQL is 80% ported to BeOS, but we haven't heard from them in a while.


2.13 Perl Installation Notes
============================

Perl support for MySQL is provided by means of the `DBI'/`DBD' client
interface. The interface requires Perl Version 5.6.0 or later.  It
_will not work_ if you have an older version of Perl.

If you want to use transactions with Perl DBI, you need to have
`DBD::mysql' version 1.2216 or newer. Version 2.9003 or newer is
recommended.

If you are using the MySQL 4.1 client library, you must use
`DBD::mysql' 2.9003 or newer.

As of MySQL 3.22.8, Perl support is no longer included with MySQL
distributions. You can obtain the necessary modules from
`http://search.cpan.org' for Unix, or by using the ActiveState `ppm'
program on Windows. The following sections describe how to do this.

Perl support for MySQL must be installed if you want to run the MySQL
benchmark scripts.  *Note MySQL Benchmarks::.

* Menu:

* Perl installation::           Installing Perl on Unix
* ActiveState Perl::            Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
* Perl support problems::       Problems Using the Perl `DBI'/`DBD' Interface


2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix
------------------------------

MySQL Perl support requires that you've installed MySQL client
programming support (libraries and header files).  Most installation
methods install the necessary files. However, if you installed MySQL
from RPM files on Linux, be sure that you've installed the developer
RPM.  The client programs are in the client RPM, but client programming
support is in the developer RPM.

If you want to install Perl support, the files you will need can be
obtained from the CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) at
`http://search.cpan.org'.

The easiest way to install Perl modules on Unix is to use the `CPAN'
module. For example:

     shell> perl -MCPAN -e shell
     cpan> install DBI
     cpan> install DBD::mysql

The `DBD::mysql' installation runs a number of tests.  These tests
require being able to connect to the local MySQL server as the
anonymous user with no password. If you have removed anonymous accounts
or assigned them passwords, the tests fail. You can use `force install
DBD::mysql' to ignore the failed tests.

`DBI' requires the `Data::Dumper' module. It may already be installed;
if not, you should install it before installing `DBI'.

It is also possible to download the module distributions in the form of
compressed `tar' archives and build the modules manually. For example,
to unpack and build a DBI distribution, use a procedure such as this:

  1. Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
          shell> gunzip < DBI-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
     This command creates a directory named `DBI-VERSION'.

  2. Change location into the top-level directory of the unpacked
     distribution:
          shell> cd DBI-VERSION

  3. Build the distribution and compile everything:
          shell> perl Makefile.PL
          shell> make
          shell> make test
          shell> make install

The `make test' command is important because it verifies that the
module is working.  Note that when you run that command during the
`DBD::mysql' installation to exercise the interface code, the MySQL
server must be running or the test will fail.

It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the `DBD::mysql'
distribution whenever you install a new release of MySQL, particularly
if you notice symptoms such as that all your `DBI' scripts fail after
you upgrade MySQL.

If you don't have access rights to install Perl modules in the system
directory or if you want to install local Perl modules, the following
reference may be useful:
`http://servers.digitaldaze.com/extensions/perl/modules.html#modules'

Look under the heading "Installing New Modules that Require Locally
Installed Modules."


2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
---------------------------------------------

On Windows, you should do the following to install the MySQL `DBD'
module with ActiveState Perl:

   * Get ActiveState Perl from
     `http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/' and install it.

   * Open a console window (a "DOS window").

   * If required, set the `HTTP_proxy' variable. For example, you might
     try:

          set HTTP_proxy=my.proxy.com:3128

   * Start the PPM program:

          C:\> C:\perl\bin\ppm.pl

   * If you have not already done so, install `DBI':

          ppm> install DBI

   * If this succeeds, run the following command:

          install \
          ftp://ftp.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/authors/id/JWIED/DBD-mysql-1.2212.x86.ppd

This procedure should work at least with ActiveState Perl Version 5.6.

If you can't get the procedure to work, you should instead install the
MyODBC driver and connect to the MySQL server through ODBC:

     use DBI;
     $dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:ODBC:$dsn",$user,$password) ||
       die "Got error $DBI::errstr when connecting to $dsn\n";


2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl `DBI'/`DBD' Interface
----------------------------------------------------

If Perl reports that it can't find the `../mysql/mysql.so' module, then
the problem is probably that Perl can't locate the shared library
`libmysqlclient.so'.

You should be able to fix this by one of the following methods:

   * Compile the `DBD::mysql' distribution with `perl Makefile.PL
     -static -config' rather than `perl Makefile.PL'.

   * Copy `libmysqlclient.so' to the directory where your other shared
     libraries are located (probably `/usr/lib' or `/lib').

   * Modify the `-L' options used to compile `DBD::mysql' to reflect
     the actual location of `libmysqlclient.so'.

   * On Linux, you can add the pathname of the directory where
     `libmysqlclient.so' is located to the `/etc/ld.so.conf' file.

   * Add the pathname of the directory where `libmysqlclient.so' is
     located to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable. Some systems use
     `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' instead.

Note that you may also need to modify the `-L' options if there are
other libraries that the linker fails to find. For example, if the
linker cannot find `libc' because it is in `/lib' and the link command
specifies `-L/usr/lib', change the `-L' option to `-L/lib' or add
`-L/lib' to the existing link command.

If you get the following errors from `DBD::mysql', you are probably
using `gcc' (or using an old binary compiled with `gcc'):

     /usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__moddi3'
     /usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__divdi3'

Add `-L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/... -lgcc' to the link command when the
`mysql.so' library gets built (check the output from `make' for
`mysql.so' when you compile the Perl client).  The `-L' option should
specify the pathname of the directory where `libgcc.a' is located on
your system.

Another cause of this problem may be that Perl and MySQL aren't both
compiled with `gcc'.  In this case, you can solve the mismatch by
compiling both with `gcc'.

You may see the following error from `DBD::mysql' when you run the
tests:

     t/00base............install_driver(mysql) failed:
     Can't load '../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so' for module DBD::mysql:
     ../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so: undefined symbol:
     uncompress at /usr/lib/perl5/5.00503/i586-linux/DynaLoader.pm line 169.

This means that you need to include the `-lz' compression library on the
link line. That can be done by changing the following line in the file
`lib/DBD/mysql/Install.pm':

     $sysliblist .= " -lm";

Change that line to:

     $sysliblist .= " -lm -lz";

After this, you _must_ run `make realclean' and then proceed with the
installation from the beginning.

If you want to install DBI on SCO, you have to edit the `Makefile' in
DBI-XXX and each subdirectory.  Note that the following assumes `gcc'
2.95.2 or newer:

     OLD:                                  NEW:
     CC = cc                               CC = gcc
     CCCDLFLAGS = -KPIC -W1,-Bexport       CCCDLFLAGS = -fpic
     CCDLFLAGS = -wl,-Bexport              CCDLFLAGS =

     LD = ld                               LD = gcc -G -fpic
     LDDLFLAGS = -G -L/usr/local/lib       LDDLFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib
     LDFLAGS = -belf -L/usr/local/lib      LDFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib

     LD = ld                               LD = gcc -G -fpic
     OPTIMISE = -Od                        OPTIMISE = -O1

     OLD:
     CCCFLAGS = -belf -dy -w0 -U M_XENIX -DPERL_SCO5 -I/usr/local/include

     NEW:
     CCFLAGS = -U M_XENIX -DPERL_SCO5 -I/usr/local/include

These changes are necessary because the Perl dynaloader will not load
the `DBI' modules if they were compiled with `icc' or `cc'.

If you want to use the Perl module on a system that doesn't support
dynamic linking (such as SCO), you can generate a static version of
Perl that includes `DBI' and `DBD::mysql'.  The way this works is that
you generate a version of Perl with the `DBI' code linked in and
install it on top of your current Perl.  Then you use that to build a
version of Perl that additionally has the `DBD' code linked in, and
install that.

On SCO, you must have the following environment variables set:

     LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/progressive/lib

Or:

     LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:\
         /usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
     LIBPATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:\
         /usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
     MANPATH=scohelp:/usr/man:/usr/local1/man:/usr/local/man:\
         /usr/skunk/man:

First, create a Perl that includes a statically linked `DBI' module by
running these commands in the directory where your `DBI' distribution is
located:

     shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
     shell> make
     shell> make install
     shell> make perl

Then you must install the new Perl. The output of `make perl' will
indicate the exact `make' command you will need to execute to perform
the installation.  On SCO, this is `make -f Makefile.aperl inst_perl
MAP_TARGET=perl'.

Next, use the just-created Perl to create another Perl that also
includes a statically linked `DBD::mysql' by running these commands in
the directory where your `DBD::mysql' distribution is located:

     shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
     shell> make
     shell> make install
     shell> make perl

Finally, you should install this new Perl.  Again, the output of `make
perl' indicates the command to use.

